FLORA OF TIBET OR HIGH ASIA. 209 
“Certain Tangut species are found in N.E. 'Vibet and in some 
river-valleys where loess is absent, in the Amdo province, and 
here indeed they grow more vigorously than any other species. 
Forests at 8000 ft. and upwards on the Tetung mountains, and 
from 11,500 feet on the southern Koko Nor chain, as well as the 
thickets of the alpine region, contain upwards of 60 species ; 
e.g. iu the forests: Betula Bhojpattra, B. alba, Pinus leuco- 
sperma, Abies Schrenkiana, Sorbus Aucuparia, S. microphylla, 
Prunus stipulacea, seven species of Lonicera, Ribes stenocarpum, 
R. nigrum, two new species of Berberis 12 ft. high, and of the 
same height Philadelphus coronarius, Hydrangea pubescens, 
Spirea longigemmis, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Daphne tan- 
gutica. In the alpine thickets are four new species of Rhodo- 
dendron, Caragana jubata, Sibirea levigata, Potentilla fruticosa, 
P. glabra, ete. 
“In the shade of the woods and thickets numerous herbs are 
congregated, often luxuriant and tall, among which are several new 
species of Senecio, Saussurea, and Salvia, Podophyllum Emodi, ete. 
“The alpine meadows along the river Tetung, between 13,000 
and 15,000 ft., also abound with peculiar species belonging to 
the genera Corydalis, Gentiana, Pedicularis, Primula, Lagotis, 
ete., intermingled with which are Himalayan species, such as 
Trollius pumilus, Yrepis glomerata, Saussurea hieracifolia, Lancea 
tibetica, Halenia elliptica, Dracocephalum heterophyllum, ete. 
“On the most elevated plateau of Tibet trees and the larger 
shrubs are entirely wanting. Undershrubs, a few inches high, 
occur on the banks of the river Yangtze (Mur-assu), Lonicera 
hispida, L. rupicola, L. parvifolia, Spirea, Hippophae, Car agand, 
Berberis crategina, Ribes sp., Salix sp., as outliers of Siberian 
and Himalayan species. At first sight the mud or gravel flats 
seem to be quite destitute of life; nevertheless they support low 
herbs one to three inches high, growing in widely scattered 
masses, tufted, erect, or in low cushions with bare intervening 
Spaces, many of which are found also in Amdo, but here 
they are excessively dwarfed—ZJncarvillea compacta, Meconopsis 
tntegrifolia, M. punicea, Przewalskia, Anaphalis, Werneria, 
Cremanthodium, Arenaria, Ranunculus tricuspis, R. p ulchellus, 
etc. But there is also a considerable proportion of new species 
—Nasturtium tibeticum, Parrya villosa, Androsace Tapete, Astra- 
galus spp., Ovytropis spp., and uumerous very dwarf species of 
Saussurea, some of which are very handsome. 
