SYNANTHY IN THE GENUS LONICERA. 465 
of previous observers, a series of types to which I believe all or 
nearly all the species showing synanthy may be referred. I have 
also examined the whole of the rich collection of dried material 
in the Kew Herbarium, which I have been able to compare 
with the types previously dissected. Ina few cases, owing to the 
material being insufficient, or to difficulties inherent to the 
inspection of dried and mounted specimens, I have not been 
able to arrive at definite conclusions. 
The fresh material for the work was partly collected in Switzer- 
land, and partly obtained from the Botanic Garden at Cam- 
bridge. I am indebted to the courtesy of the Director of the 
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for the material of certain species, 
and also for permission to work in the Kew Herbarium. [am 
also indebted to the Keeper of the Herbarium for help during 
the examination of the dried material. 
True Synanthy. 
There are two distinct types of synanthy exhibited in the 
genus. The first, and by far the most common, is one in which 
the union is effected by the floral organs. This I may distinguish 
as true synanthy, as opposed to the second type, which is due to 
the intervention of extra-floral organs, the bracteoles. As will 
be seen presently, a false synanthy may arise as a corollary to 
the union of the four bracteoles of the inflorescence into a brac- 
teolar sheath enveloping the ovaries. In true synanthy, the 
union is effected by the coalescence of the receptacular walls of 
the two inferior ovaries *. 
This coalescence may be partial or complete. We may thus 
distinguish two types of true synanthy, that of L. Xylostewm, L., 
which is incomplete, and Z. alpigena, L., in which the union is 
complete. 
Type of L. Xylosteum, L. 
In a large number of species belonging to the Xylosteum group 
there is no synanthy. Occasionally, however, in some of these 
very slight union may apparently take place at the base of the 
* The walls of inferior ovaries were formerly regarded as almost entirely 
receptacular. It has been pointed out, however [Goebel (1900), p. 54], that there 
are good grounds for the belief that the carpels take some share in their 
formation. I therefore use the term receptacular walls, without implying that 
the walls are entirely of receptacular origin. 
