472 MR. E. A. NEWELL ARBER ON THE 
bracts, fig. 3c, shows that the two ovaries are not united with 
one another. 
The result of this fusion is that, as the fruit matures, the 
growth of the bracteolar sheath keeps pace with the growth of 
the true berries which it encloses, and contributes to the pericarp 
in addition to the walls of the two ovaries. The pseudocarp which 
results is not very dissimilar in appearance, except in colour and 
size, to that of L. alpigena (fig. 1), although it is morphologically 
quite distinct. We see, therefore, that the presence of a brac- 
teolar sheath may give rise to a false synanthy in which the 
union is effected by organs external to the flowers themselves. 
Conclusions. 
We have seen that two different types of synanthy occur in 
the Xylosteum section of the genus Lonicera. True synanthy 
is effected by the partial or complete fusion of the receptacular 
walls of the inferior ovaries or fruits, and the bracteoles play no 
part in its formation. Where the synanthy is complete, the 
resulting fruit is a false berry, in which the pericarp is formed 
from the walls of the two ovaries. Dr. Masters * states that 
this type of synanthy occurs in Pomawx and Opercularia among 
Rubiacex, in Eucalyptus Lehmanni among Myrtacex, and in 
Lycopersicum esculentum (Solanacee). He terms this particular 
form of synanthy (in which “ the pistils of different flowers may 
coalesce more or less without much alteration in the other parts 
of the flowers, as happens normally in many Caprifoliacee ”) 
Syncarpy. This is a most inappropriate and misleading term 
in this connection. If some such term is really necessary, we 
might perhaps coina word such as Syngyny, or speak of these as 
cases of Syxgynecea. 
It has been shown, as has already been pointed out by various 
authors, that in many species the gynecea are enveloped by a 
bracteolar sheath, and that, as a rule, there is no synanthy in 
such cases. The object of the fusion of the bracteoles into a 
sheath is no doubt to protect the young fruits. Their function 
would thus seem to be very similar to that of the bracteoles 
in Castanea and Fagus. As arule, this sheath plays no part in 
the formation of the pericarp of the fruit. 
In one species, however, the presence of a bracteolar sheath 
* Masters (1869), pp. 38 and 45. 
