4 . DR. M. T. MASTERS ON THE 
or hypocotyl descending vertically into the ground, while the 
plumule ascends, bearing several scattered rudimentary leaves, 
arranged on the 4 plan before the perfect leaves are formed. 
Clustered raphides occur in the leaves—a most unusual occur- 
rence in Conifers. 
In the anatomical structure of the root the most striking 
feature is the abundance of callus-thickenings in the angles of the 
cells of the endoderm. There is a single fibro-vascular bundle. 
The leaves have no true palisade-cells, the two fibro-vascular 
bundles of the petiole branch into several which traverse the 
lamina; each is ovoid in section, with xylem resting on the 
phloem. Wedge-shaped masses of sclerous tissue occur here 
and there beneath the epiderm, but no true exoderm. 
The genus is now represented by a single Chinese and 
Japanese species, but was once so widely distributed through 
the colder and temperate parts of the northern hemisphere, that 
Prof. Heer enumerated no fewer than sixty species in the 
Secondary and Tertiary strata of various parts of the globe. It 
seems probable that most of these are mere variations from a 
single species. 
CEepHALOTAXUS. 
A genus first published in 1840 by Siebold and Zuccarini in 
their ‘Flora Japonica.’ The species are shrubs or trees with 
spirally arranged leaves, which, on the lateral branches, become 
twisted into an apparently two-ranked arrangement. The flowers 
are dicecious, in stalked axillary heads, each flower subtended by 
a bract. Male flowers numerous, clustered, capitate. Anthers 
3-lobed, pendulous from the apex of the filament. Connective 
prolonged. The female flowers are bracteate and arranged in 
terminal spikes or heads. The base of each bract becomes more 
or less fleshy, forming a cup-shaped cavity around a short shoot, 
which bears one or two erect ovules destitute of aril. The testa 
of the seed, however, becomes succulent, the inner lining bony, 
so that the ripe seed resembles a drupe, and is similar to the 
seed of Cycas or of Ginkgo, as described under the latter genus. 
In germination the seedling plant shows a thick fusiform 
tigellum or hypocotyl, two long linear cotyledons, from between 
which the plumule emerges before the cotyledons are disengaged 
from the seed-coats, as in Ginkgo, but the primary leaves are 
opposite and verticillate. 
