GENERA OF TAXACEEH AND CONIFERS. 13 
An examination of the course of development shows that the 
leaves, as in the case of so-called “ decurrent” leaves, generally 
are free at the base at first, but subsequently are uplifted with 
the axis as it lengthens, and are partly concrescent with it 
instead of becoming detached. 
The male flowers are catkin-like, axillary or terminal, placed 
at the end of short shoots, and show no intermediate forms be- 
tween the foliage-leaves and the sporophylls or stamens. Anther- 
cells 4-8. The pollen-cells or microspores are globose. The 
succulent fruits ripen in the second year. Ovules erect, 2 to 
each scale, wingless. Cotyledons usually 2. 
Three sections or subgenera have been established, dependent 
upon the freedom or union of the seeds, the “ decurrence” or 
isolation of the leaves, and the perulate or eperulate buds. 
These three sections—Caryocedrus (Endlicher), Oxycedrus 
(Spach), and Sabina (Spach)—have also met with general accept- 
ance. Haller’s proposal in 1745 to constitute a distinct genus 
“ Sabina” has not been adopted; nor has the genus Arceu- 
thos of Antoine and Kotschy (1854), proposed in order to 
include J. drupacea (which Endlicher included in his section 
Caryocedrus), met with any greater degree of recognition. 
Thuiecarpus of Trautvetter, Plant. Imag. ii. 16, is, judging from 
the figure, a monstrous form in which the fruit-scales are of a leafy 
consistence, separate at the tips so as to expose the seeds. Asa 
malformation by arrest of development it is interesting, and also 
as showing an intermediate condition between the appearance of 
the fruit in Juniperus and in Thuya respectively. 
The distribution of the species extends in the Old World, 
roughly speaking, from the Arctic regions of Europe and Siberia 
to Northern Africa, Abyssinia, Arabia, the Himalayas, and China. 
From West to East the species are found at intervals from West- 
ern Europe, the Azores and the Canary Isles, to Kamtschatka 
and Japan. In the New World they occur from the Arctic 
Circle to Mexico. On the eastern side Juniperus virginiana 
extends completely from the north to the south of North 
America. One species is found in the West Indies. 
Numerically the largest number of species are found in the 
Mediterranean region and the Levant inclusive of Asia Minor. 
Next in number are the species found in the Atlantic islands of 
Madeira, the Azores, and Canaries. Three species are found in 
