30 DR. M. T. MASTERS ON THE 
Resin-canals occur in the wood of the various species of Picea, 
but they are absent in that of Abies. The old bark, too, according 
to Schacht, has masses of sclerous cells dispersed throughout it. 
From anatomical reasons only, Bertrand includes with Picea the 
Pseudotsuga (Douglas Fir) and the Tsugas (Hemlock Spruces). 
The gevgraphical distribution of the Spruces is nearly the 
same as that of the species of Pinus (see p. 38); but none have 
yet been found in the Tropics, even on the mountains. Traces 
of the foliage and cones are found in beds of the Miocene period 
and in amber. 
CEDRUS. 
The Cedars, at least that representative of the genus which 
has its home on the slopes of Lebanon, has been distinguished 
from the earliest times. In a technical sense, however, the 
genus Cedrus does not go further back than the date of Loudon’s 
‘Arboretum’!, the Cedrus of Miller (1733) being referable to 
Swietenia. 
By various authors the Cedars have been included under 
Abies, Larix, or Pinus ; but the characters of the foliage separate 
them from either of those genera, as do the male flowers, which 
are solitary on the ends of the shortened branches or “ spurs.” 
The anthers have a lacerated connectival crest, and their two 
cells open lengthwise. The pollen-cells are globose, or somewhat 
bilobed from the presence of a broad central band, but are 
destitute of the winged appendages seen in the pollen of Pinus. 
The cones are erect, their scales are like those of Abies, but per- 
sist longer, and do not leave a central core or axis after the scales 
have fallen. The bracts are shorter than the scales. The seeds 
have large hatchet-shaped wings. The cotyledons are about 9 
in number, somewhat 3-sided. The primary leaves are scattered 
(not tufted), somewhat cylindric; and each springs from a 
thickened base, somewhat as in Picea. 
sides. 
In the hypocotyl of Cedrus Deodara there is a cellular cortex, 
and within the pericycle are four masses of xylem on the outside 
of a central pith, and alternating with a corresponding number 
of groups of phloem. In the root the xylem forms a trian- 
gular mass in the centre without any pith, but with three phloem 
masses outside. 
The leaf-structure is the same in all the forms. Beneath the 
Stomata occur on all 
