GENERA OF TAXACEX AND CONIFER. 37 
Pinvs. 
A genus known and distinguished in classical times, adopted 
by Tournefort (1700), and taken up by Linneus in 1737. It 
has, however, been understood by different authors in widely 
different senses, Parlatore even going so far as to comprise 
within its limits not only the Pines proper, but also the Cedars, 
Larches, Silver Firs, and Spruces, in fact all the <Adbietinee. A 
more convenient as well as a more natural arrangement is that 
adopted by Engelmann, Bentham, Eichler, and most recent 
authors, who include under Pinus all those -Abietinee with 
dimorphic foliage consisting of scattered primordial leaves and 
of secondary or foliage leaves arranged in fascicles of two, three, 
or five, the leaf-tufts surrounded at the base by imbricating 
perular scales. The male flowers are arranged in closely-crowded 
spikes, the anthers open lengthwise to liberate the pollen-grains, 
which have two membranous wings projecting from the central 
globular mass. The female cones ripen in the second year, the 
constituent scales being more or less woody and persistent, 
while the bracts are inconspicuous and wholly concealed by the 
scales. The cotyledons are numerous, the primordial leaves of 
the same shape, scattered, and each finely toothed at the margin 
and often slightly “decurrent” at the base. The caulicle is 
usually well marked, cylindrical, and coloured. The internal 
structure shows a thick cellular cortex sometimes penetrated by 
resin-canals (P. Torreyana) opposite the xylem, which latter 
forms a perfect ring surrounded by a discontinuous zone of 
phloem. In the centre of the bundle is a mass of pith. In 
P. insignis the structure of the tigellum is quite similar, thus 
showing an intermediate condition between that of root and of 
stem. 
The root of P. insignis shows a cortex, no defined endoderm, a 
central entire mass of xylem with four separate masses of phloem 
on the outside. Resin passages exist between the groups of 
phloem-cells. The cotyledons vary in form according to their 
number and the way in which they are packed, but their structure 
is similar in all cases and shows an epiderm, no hypoderm, a 
thick cellular cortex, a central fibro-vascular bundle circular or 
elliptic in section with ill-defined endoderm, a crescentic band of 
phloem, and a single mass of xylem. 
The primordial leaves (P. Lambertiana, insignis, pinea), like 
