EXPLORATION IN SOUTHERN PERSIA. 141 
Kuh Lalesar is S.W. of Kuh Jupar, Kuh Hezar S. of it; they 
rise from level or hilly, generally desert, land to 3900 and 
4900 m. (12,793 feet; 16,073 feet). Bornmiiller succeeded in 
reaching the culminating peaks of both mountains. The general 
character of the vegetation is the same in Kuh Jupar, Kuh 
Lalesar, and Kuh Hezar; and it appears to agree perfectly with 
that of equal elevations in South-west Persia, whilst the more 
Indian elements, which are found even as far as Western Belu- 
chistan, seem to be absent. The plains and lower valleys are 
covered chiefly with a halophytic vegetation, which becomes 
sometimes very scanty, partly also with masses of Glycyrrhiza, 
Prosopis, Sophora alopecuroides, and other plants, which prefer a 
deeper and more clayey soil and occupy usually land which was 
once in cultivation but is now deserted. Stony hills and 
gravelly plains abound more especially in wormwoods, Stedlera, 
Zygophyllum eurypterum, Scorzonera tortuosissima, Anabasis, and 
other Salsolacez, and occasionally in Rheum Ribes. So far the 
vegetation of the ‘‘ Biaban” of Kirman agrees perfectly with 
the character it assumes in the deserts of Central and North 
Persia. The slopes of the mountains are sprinkled with a scanty 
“‘jengeli”’ vegetation consisting of scattered shrubs or trees of 
Ficus carica (to 2900m. ; 9514 feet), various species of Amygdalus, 
Colutea persica, Daphne acuminata, Lonicera nummulariefolia 
(to 2800 m.; 9186 feet), Crategus Azarolus, Cotoneaster nummu- 
laria, Acer canescens (to 3200 m.; 10,498 feet), Pistacia mutica, 
Ephedra, Rhamnus, &c.; whilst the banks of rivers and torrents 
are sometimes bordered by thickets of willows and tamarisks, 
sometimes of Berberis (to 3600 m.), Rosa lacerans (?) (to 3700 m. ; 
12,139 feet), and Rubus sanctus. 
Quercus persica, which forms forest S.W. of Shiraz, and Celtis 
transcaucasica, which is very characteristic of the higher and 
moister valleys of South-west Persia, were not met with by 
Bornmiiller on those mountains. On the other hand, he found 
Juniperus excelsa in a valley on Kuh Lalesar up to 3400 m. 
(11,155 feet). The average limit for shrubs hes on Kuh Hezar a 
little above 3600 m. (11,811 feet). A dwarf Ribes only was 
gathered as high as 4500 m. Bornmiller found Kuh Hezar very 
dry, and less rich in vegetation than Kuh Lalesar and Kuh 
Jupar. But even on Kuh Lalesar, where he met with snowfields 
4m. deep (13 feet) in the middle of July, the vegetation con- 
sisted almost entirely of species which were mere alpine repre- 
