BY SELF-ADAPTATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT. 259 
with the stigmas (Diplotaxis Harra). The glands are more or 
less rudimentary and honeyless or wanting. The pistil may have 
the two stigmatic lobes adpressed (Erucaria aleppica, Pl. XL. 
fig. 5; Matthiola livida, Malcolmia egyptiaca). This would seem 
to be the preliminary stage, before arriving at the globular 
condition which occurs in Diplotaxis Harra, &c., just as in our 
common Shepherd’s Purse. The pollination takes place in half- 
opened flowers; and in all the cases which I have personally 
examined the pollen-tubes were abundantly inserted and un- 
doubtedly issuing from the anthers in contact with the stigmas. 
REseEDACES has six species of Reseda, Ochradenus baccatus, 
Oligomeris subulata, and the very common Caylusea canescens. 
This last has about 5 or 6 distinct carpels, which are in the 
rudimentary condition of being always open from stigma to base, 
resembling follicles which have burst completely down the 
ventral suture. There are numerous ovules grouped together 
forming a cluster at the base of the carpels (Pl. XII. fig. 7). 
The minute stigmas are completely surrounded by the numerous 
anthers and are pollinated by them. The pollen-tubes pass down 
the inner surface, finally issuing in a great bundle at the base, 
and then penetrate the inverted ovules. The genus Reseda is 
represented by very small-flowered scentless and self-fertilizing 
species, the unilateral subcircular disk being much reduced in 
size. 
CaryoPHyLiEm.—Of this order, Silene villosa (Pl. XII. fig. 8) 
resembles the Crucifere in the form of the petals, being irregularly 
notched at the top and tapering from above downwards. They 
are also inconspicuously coloured. The anthers are situated just 
above the stigmas. Gypsophila Rokejeka is also a common 
plant of the northern part of the Eastern Desert. The flowers 
are only about one sixth of an inch in size. 
PARONYCHIACES is represented by twelve species. The flowers 
are extremely minute and more or less concealed by scarious 
stipules. They belong to the genera Robbairea, Polycarpon (our 
self-fertilizing P. tetraphyllum occurs throughout the cultivated 
areas), Polycarpea (Pl. XII. fig. 9), Paronychia, &e. 
TaMARICACES has seven species. Their minute flowers have 
globular stigmas covered with pollen from the anthers sur- 
rounding them (Tamarix mannifera). In Reaumuria hirtella 
(Pl. XII. fig. 10) the anthers surround the stigmas in the manner 
common to many self-fertilizing flowers. 
