THEIR FORMS AND FUNCTIONS. 485 
really the modified pedestals with the free lobe or teeth repre- 
senting the stipules. The latter in this case are not spiny. 
The lower internodes of the axis proceeding from this bud are 
not developed, and the crowded bases have oblong membranous 
scales with a thicker and darker midrib, but entirely without 
spines, 
The axillary buds are protected by one scale like that of the 
terminal winter-bud, and by one or two perfectly developed leaves 
having short, subulate, spiny stipules. 
There are therefore three kinds of stipules: namely, the short 
membranous ones like teeth surmounting the scales of the 
winter-bud ; the oblong, elongated, and membranous ones of the 
crowded or fascicled leaves; and the subulate spinescent ones of 
the leaves on the elongated shoots. The first two kinds protect the 
winter-bud and the base of the summer growth respectively ; but 
the pedestals to which they are attached play the most important 
part of this duty on account of their much greater size. The 
spinescent stipules are soft when quite young, and assist in pro- 
tecting the growing bud; but as they become spiny, their object 
is obviously to protect the plant as a whole from browsing 
animals. 
In Lathyrus Clymenum, Linn., the first three leaves of the 
seedling are smal, scale-like, ovate, acute, sessile, and semi- 
amplexicaul, with the stipules represented by a small tooth 
on each side. Those of the first leaf are above the middle; of 
the second leaf at the middle; and of the third leaf below the 
middle. Strong axillary buds are produced in the axils of these 
leaves. 
The fourth and succeeding leaves are distichous, as well as the 
first three; but they are lanceolate, acuminate, and without 
apparent stipules, carinate beneath, with three or four nerves on 
each side of and paralle) with the midrib, ending in a small 
anricle or blunt tooth at the base, and then decurrent upon the 
stem, forming two wings witha ridge between them on the other 
two faces. The leaves are convolute in bud, enclosing all the 
younger members, and not expanding till they attain considerable 
size. The basal auricles facilitate the folding. 
These wings are evidently winged petioles, without leaflets, 
and the stipules wholly adnate to them, with exception of the 
auricles of the 
basal teeth, which would appear to represent the june 
. M 
