THEIR FORMS AND FUNOTIONS. 489 
leaves, they seem to be reduced to a mere rudiment or a remnant 
of what they have been in the ancestral form of the plant, in order 
to accommodate themselves to a dry climate. Stipules generally 
seem to be less necessary under such conditions. 
In winter, the leaves exhibit no evidence of stipules. 
In Geum rivale, Linn., the stipules are of two forms. Those 
of the radical leaves are of considerable length, and as a rule 
entirely adnate to the dilated grooved petiole, forming a mem- 
branous, colourless, ciliate margin, tapering into a petiole at 
their upper end, and sheath-like. Occasionally one of them is 
free at the upper end, and subulate and foliaceous. 
The stipules of the cauline leaves are foliaceous, but small and 
incised like small segments or leaflets, and semiamplexicaul. The 
lower ones are adnate to the petiole for more than half their 
length, the middle ones for one-third, and the uppermost ones on 
the small leaves or bracts for two-thirds. The lamina of the 
latter is linear, and very much smaller than the stipules. 
In G. urbanum, Linn., the stipules of the radical leaves are 
apparently always adnate to the dilated grooved base of the 
petiole, red or pale green, and more resembling a sheath than in 
the case of G. rivale. 
Those of the cauline leaves are very large, foliaceous, cuneate, 
serrate or lobulate, and serrate along the upper end, narrowed 
to the base, and adnate to the petiole by their narrow base 
only. They are often larger than the lateral leaflets or seg- 
ments of the lamina, and on the uppermost leaves larger than 
any of the segments of the lamina. Besides performing the usual 
function of stipules in the protection of the terminal and axillary 
buds, they likewise act as supernumerary leaflets, and might 
practically be regarded as small leaves. 
Rubus rhamnifolius, Weihe & Nees.— Leaves alternate, 
petiolate, stipulate, digitate, with 3-5 cordate subtomentow and 
glandular leaflets ; petioles grooved above, dilated and thicken 
at the base, aculeate, hairy and glandular. : 
Winter-buds mostly lateral, covered with scales. The a 
gressive forms of the stipules may be seen by examining ° 
young shoots when 2-3 em. long. The outer scales are shor and 
seem to consist of the base of the petiole with the stipules com 
bined. A few of the innermost scales are ovate, elongated, and 
trifid, the lateral teeth or lobes being stipules. One or two 
