530 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK ON STIPULES, 
CASUARINER. 
The small scale-like leaves in Casuarina can serve but little 
purpose except as a bud protection; the furrow between the 
ridge of the stem which is opposite the leaf would also assist. 
MoNocoTYLEDONS. 
It may be a question whether any Monocotyledons have true 
stipules. The younger leaves are generally protected by those 
more advanced. 
ScrTaAMINEX. 
In Hedychium flavescens, Lodd., the leaves are alternate, very 
shortly petiolate or subsessile, sheathing, stipulate, oblong- 
lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to the base into a very short 
channelled or subwinged petiole, and having a distinct midrib 
from whence arise numerous, very slender, sharply-ascending, 
parallel nerves. 
The sheaths are very long, connate in the lower portion into 
a complete cylinder, and open towards the top as in the Gra- 
minew. Numerous sheaths enclose one another and surround 
the central floral axis. The stipules form a membranous brown 
margin adnate to the edges of the sheaths, but at the top of 
the sheath they become free from it, and are connate in one 
piece in front of the short petiole, and therefore intrapetiolar. 
In this they strongly resemble the ligules or the stipules of the 
Graminex ; but they are much longer, measuring 2'5-3 cm. or 
more. 
The terminal buds consist of leaves completely convolute from 
one edge to the other into a cylinder like a roll of parchment 
surrounded by the sheaths, and finally by the stipules before 
making their exit. The lamina cannot unfold until by the 
elongation of the axis it has been pushed out beyond the 
stipules. 
As the stems do not branch, there are no axillary buds except 
from the fleshy persistent rootstock. The lower leaves from these 
basal buds are wholly reduced to their sheaths, which terminate 
in a mucro corresponding to the midrib. The stipular portion 
consists of a narrow rim wholly adnate to the sheath except a 
small rounded tooth on each side of the terminal mucro. The 
first leaf having a small lamina, has also connate but short 
