32 



RIIAMNE^. VIII. Rhamnus. 



about the size of a pea, sometimes twin. Very like 7?. callidr- white and exsevted, and with the raphe lateral on the surface of 

 /icw5, but without thorns. The wood is red, and is called sandal the inner testa. Embryo flat. Leaves membranous, caducous, 



wood by the Russians. 



Daliurian Buck-thorn. Fl. May, Ju. Clt. 1817. Shrub 5 feet. 



quite entire, lined with approximate parallel nerves. 



37 R. Carolinia'nus (Walt, car, p. 101.) erect; leaves oval 



29 R. ALxiFOLius (Lher. sert. p. 5.) erect ; leaves obovate or oblonir, almost entire, smooth ; umbels stalked ; flowers herma 

 ovate, serrulated, obliquely-lined, with lateral nerves, acuminat- phrodite; berries globose. T^ . H. Native of North America, 

 ed or obtuse, smoothish beneath, except the nerves ; flowers Virginia, and Carolina, in woods and swamps. Flowers green- 

 liermaphrodite or dioecious; pedicels 1 -flowered, aggregate; 

 calyxes acute; fruit turbinate, ^i . H. Native of North Ame- 



rica. 



Alder-leaved^xxok-ihorn. Fl. Ju. July. Clt. 1778. Sh. 8 feet. 



SO R. FRANGULoiDEs (Michx. fl. bor. amer. 1. p. 153.) 



leaves oval, serrated, pubescent on the nerves beneath ; flowers 



ish 4-cleft. Stigma 2-lobed. Berries black, 4-seeded. 



Carolinian Buck-thorn. Fl. May, Ju. Clt. 1818. Sh. 6 feet. 



38 R. fraVgula (Lin. spec. 280.) leaves oval, quite entire, 

 lined with 10 or 12 lateral nerves, and are, as well as the calyx, 

 smooth ; flowers hermaphrodite. T2 . H. Native of Europe, 

 in woods and thickets. In England, but rare in Scotland. 



hermaphrodite; pedicels 1-flowered. Pj . H. Native of North Flowers whitish, 5-cleft. Berries dark-purple, each containing 

 America, from Canada to Carolina, on dry hills, near rivers. ' . - - _ 



Flowers green. Berries black. Leaves small. 



FraiiguIa-UIce Buck-ihovn. Fl.Ju. Jul. Clt. 1810. Sh. 8 feet. 



31 R. Purshia'nus (D. C. prod. 2. p. 25.) erect; leaves 

 oval, toothletted, short-acuminated, with a small cordate recess 

 at the base, pubescent on the nerves beneath ; peduncles twice 

 bifid ; berries depressed, globose. T2 • H. Native of North 

 America, on the banks of the Kooskoosky. R. alnifolius, Pursh, 

 fl. sept. amer. 1. p. 166. but not of Lher. Berries purple, very 

 highly esteemed among the natives. 



PtirsKs Buck-thorn. Fl. May, June. Shrub 6 feet. 



2 large seeds. Peduncles 1-flowered, aggregate. Smith, engl. 

 hot. t. 250. Oed. fl. dan, t. 278. From a quarter to half an 

 ounce of the inner bark or liber, boiled in water or beer, is 

 violently purgative. In dropsies or constipation of the bowels 

 in cattle it is a certain purgative. The berries gathered before 

 they are ripe dye wool green and yellow, when ripe blue and 

 green. The bark dyes yellow, and with preparations of iron 

 black. The flowers are particularly grateful to bees. Goats 

 devour the leaves voraciously, and sheep will eat them. Char- 

 coal prepared from the wood is preferred by the makers of gun- 

 powder. The berries are sometimes mixed by herb gatherers 



32 R. serrula'tus (H. B. et Kunth, nov, sp. amer. 7. p. 51. w^ith those of the true Buck-thorn, R. catharticus, or substituted 

 t. 0170 shrubby ; branches yillously hairy ; leaves oblong, acute for them, but the smaller number of seeds betrays the deception. 



Their qualities perhaps differ very little. 



Breaking or Alder Buck-thorn, or Berry-bearing Alder. Fl. 

 May. Britain. Shrub 3 to 10 feet. 



39 R. LATiFOLius (Lher. sert. 5. t. 8.) leaves elliptical, acu- 

 minated, quite entire, lined with 12 or 15 lateral nerves; younger 

 leaves and calyxes villous ; flowers hermaphrodite. T2 • ^* 

 Native oLthe Azores, on the mountains of St. Michael. Flowers 

 greenish. Stigma slightly 3-cleft. 



Broad'leav€dB\\Q\i-t\iorn. Fl. July. Clt. 1778. Shrub 5ft. 



40 R. SANGUINEUS (Pers. ench. 1. p. 239.) leaves ovate or 

 oblong, acuminated, quite entire, lined, and are, as well as the 

 calyxes, smooth ; flowers hermaphrodite, fascicled, axillary. 

 Ij . H. Native of Galicia, on the banks of rivers. R. sanguino, 

 &c. Ort. dec. SI* Young branches red. Flowers greenish. 



Bloody -hxdiivQhedi Buck-thorn. Shrub 6 feet. 



41 R. Humboldtia'nus (Schult. syst. 5. p. 29.5. H. B. et 

 Kunth, nov. gen. amer. 7. p. 52. t, 618.) branches and leaves 

 smooth, alternate, and opposite, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, rounded 

 at the base, quite entire, beneath as well as the calyxes beset 

 with glandular dots ; peduncles axillary, 3-6-flowered ; flowers 

 somewhat umbellate ; stigmas 2-lobed. ^ . S. Native of South 

 America, between Totonilco el Grande and Actopan, near the 

 village of Magdalena. R. franguloides, Willd. herb, but not 

 of Michx, Fruit 2-celled, cells 2-seeded. Flowers white. This 

 species differs from all the others in the cells of the fruit being 

 2-seeded, and in the leaves being for the most part opposite. 



Humboldt's Buck-thorn. Tree. 



at both ends, sharply serrated, smooth, clammy ; peduncles axil- 

 lary, solitary, single-fruited. T2 . G. Native of Mexico, in the 

 plains near St. Augustin de las Guevas. Flowers greenish- 

 yellow. 



SerridatedAeaxed Buck-thorn. Shrub 6 feet. 



33 R. Californicus (Eschscholtz, mem. acad. scienc. peterb. 

 10. p. 281.) unarmed; flowers hermaphrodite, monogynous, in 

 fascicled umbels ; berry 2-seeded ; leaves oval, serrulated. 



I7 . H. Native of California. 

 Californlan Buck-thorn. Shrub. 



34 R. microphy'llus (Willd. in Schult. syst. 5. p. 295.) 

 shrubby, procumbent, much branched ; branches twisted ; 

 branchlets hairy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, almost entire, 

 smooth; peduncles solitary, axillary; flowers 5-cleft, herma- 

 phrodite, monogynous. T2 • Gr. Native of Mexico. Flowers 

 greenish-yellow. This shrub has the habit of R. oleoides, but 

 with the flowers 5 or G-cleft, and the style simple, and 2-lobed 

 at the apex. H. B. et Kunth, nov. gen. amer. 7. p. 51. t. 616. 



Small-leaved Buck- thorn. Clt. 1823. Shrub trailino-. 



35 R. ALPi'xus (Lin. spec. 280.) erect, twisted; leaves oval- 

 lanceolate, crenate-serrated, smooth, lined with many parallel 

 nerves; flowers dioecious, female ones with 4-cleft stigmas. 



f? . H. Native of the Alps of Switzerland, Dauphiny, Austria, 

 and Carniola. Duh. ed. 2. vol. 3. t. 13. Hall. hist. no. 823. t. 

 40. Berries black. Flowers greenish. 



Alpine Buck-thorn. Fl. May, June. Clt. 1752. Shrub 4 feet. 



36 R. pu'milus (Lin. mant. 49.) plant procumbent, much 

 branched ; leaves ovate, serrated, smooth ; flowers hermaphro- 

 dite. ]j . H. Native of Mount Baldo, and the Alps, and Car- 

 niola, in the fissures of rocks. Stigma 3-cleft. Flowers oreen- 

 ish-yellow, with the stamens white. R. rupestris. Scop. earn. Fruit 2-c^lled. 



V 



Sect. III.? 



(fi 



1. t. 5. 



Z)n'a>/ Buck-thorn. Fl.Ju. July. Clt. 1752. Sh. procumbent. 



Sect. IL Fra'ngula (from/mngo, to break). Tourn. inst. t, 

 383. D. C. prod. 2. p. 26. Brogn. mem. rhamn. p. 55. Flowers 

 hermaphrodite, rarely dioecious, 5-cleft (f. 5. C. a.), sometimes 

 4-cleft (f. 5, C. a.). Seeds smooth, compressed, with the hylum 



prod. 2. p. 20. Leaves opposite, bistipulate. Flowers axillary* 



, Unarmed species not sufficiently known. Na- 

 tives of Mexico. They should perhaps be joined with Ceano- 

 thus or separated into a distinct genus. 



42 R.umbella'tus (Cav. icon. G. p. 2. t. 504.) leaves ovate, 

 acute, entire, lined with feather nerves, smoothish ; peduncle* 

 axillary, bearing an umbel of 4 or 5 flowers. Tj . G. Native 



of Mexico. Secrmpnfs nf mlw ^oi-li wlfV* o V^r^n/^wc insidC' 



Segments of calyx each with 2 hollows insi 

 Flowers reddish. 



f/w26e/-flowered Buck-thorn, Shrub 6 feet. 



