288 
distinct, conical, terminated by the long deflexed styles. Fruit 
compressed from the sides, ovate; mericarps with 5 filiform 
ribs: lateral ribs marginating; furrows between the ribs 
destitute of vittee. Carpophore setaceous, forked at the apex. 
Seeds teretely convex on the outside, and flattish on the 
inside. Branching herbs, with creeping roots. Leaves biter- 
nate or triternate; upper cauline ones ternate: leaflets ovate- 
oblong, acuminated, serrated. Umbels composed of many rays. 
Both the involucra and involucels are wanting. Flowers white : 
anthers when young purple. 
1 Æ. ropacra‘ria (Lin. spec. p. 379.) stem furrowed ; leaves 
biternate or triternate; leaflets oblong-serrated, unequal at the 
base, lower ones binate. 2. H. Native throughout the whole 
of Europe, even to Caucasus and Siberia, in hedges and orchards. 
Very common in some parts of Britain. Oed. fl. dan. t. 670. 
Smith engl. bot. t. 940. Schkuhr, handb. t. 79. Riv. t. 47. 
Tragoselinum angélica Lam. fl. fr. 3. p. 449. Pimpinélla ange- 
liceefolia, Lam. dict. 1. p. 451. Ligústicum podagraria, Crantz. 
aust. p. 200. Séseli Ægopòdium, Scop. carn. ed. 2. no. 359. 
Podagraria Hgopddium Meench, Meth. p. 90. Sison Podagraria 
Spreng. umb. prod. p. 35.—Lob. icon. t. 700. f. 2. The plant 
is called Herb Gerard, Gout-weed, Ash-meed, or Ach-weed, and 
Wild Masterwort, and being a great creeper, it cannot be admit- 
ted into gardens, for after it gets hold it is next to impossible to 
eradicate it again. Though it has the quality of most umbelli- 
ferous plants, of being aromatic, yet it is not used at all in 
medicine ; nor has it any title to its name gout-weed, though the 
Germans formerly used it to assuage the pain both of the gout 
and piles. Linnzeus says it is eaten in Sweden, boiled for greens, 
when tender in the spring. The roots are sometimes sold for 
those of the true Masterwort, the Imperatoria Ostrithium. 
Gout-weed. Fl. May, July. Britain. Pl. 2 to 3 feet. 
2 Æ. avpe’stre (Led. fl. ross. alt. ill. t. 7. fl. alt. 1, p. 354.) 
stem smooth ; lower leaves ternately pinnate; leaflets ovate, cut, 
lower and terminal ones somewhat tripartite; upper leaves ter- 
nate, having the leaflets pinnate at the base, but drawn out at 
the apex, and nearly entire. 2%. H. Native of Altaia, in 
shady places on the north sides of the mountains near Riddersk, 
about the fountains of the rivers Uba and Tscharuych. Root 
creeping. Flowers white. 
Alp Gout-weed. FI. Ju. July. Pl. 1 to 2 feet. 
Cult. The plants will grow under any circumstance. 
L. CARUM (so named from Caria, in Asia Minor; origi- 
nally found there) Kock. umb. p. 121. D.C. coll. mem. 5. p. 41. 
prod. 4. p. 414. Carum, Sison, and Bùnium species of Lin. 
and Hoftm.—Carum and Sium species of Spreng. 
Lin. syst. Pentdndria Digynia. Margin of calyx obsolete. 
Petals regular obovate, emarginate, with an inflexed point. Stylo- 
podium depressed; styles deflexed. Fruit contracted from the 
sides, ovate or oblong; mericarps furnished with 5 filiform, equal 
ribs: lateral ribs marginating ; having the furrows between the 
ribs furnished with one vitta each, and the commissure, which is 
flat, with two vittæ. Carpophore free, forked at the apex. 
Seed terete, convex on the back, and flattish in front. Herbs 
glabrous, usually perennial. Roots tuberous, edible. Leaves 
pinnate; segments or leaflets multifid. Both the involucra and 
involucels are variable. Flowers white. 
Sect. I. Ca’rvi (an alteration of the generic name). D. C. 
prod, 4. p. 115.—Carum, Lin.—Careum, Adans. fam. 2. p. 98. 
Involucrum wanting ; involucels wanting, or of very few leaves, 
1 C. Ca’rvi (Lin. spec. 378.) root fusiform ; leaves bipin- 
nate; leaflets decussate, multifid; stems furrowed; in- 
volucra and involucels wanting. 2. H. Native through- 
out the whole of Europe, in meadows and pastures; and 
UMBELLIFER. L. Carum. 
of Altaia, in dry grassy places at the river Tscharaiych. Fre- 
quent in Britain, but is only a naturalised plant. Fl. dan. 1091. 
Smith, engl. bot. t. 1503. Nees, off. pfi. 14. t. 17. Mart. 
rust. t. 55. Hayn. arzn. gew. 7. t. 19. Woodv. med. bot. 
Jacq. aust. t. 393. A'pium C4rvi Crantz, aust. p. 218. Séseli 
Carvi, Scop. carn. no. 361. Bùnium Cárvi, Bieb. fl. taur. 1. 
p. 211. suppl. p. 206. Lagæ cia cuminoides, Willem. phyt. 1. 
p. 254. but not of Lin. Carvi, Riv. pent. irr. with a figure. 
Flowers white. Leaflets of leaves in sixes, appearing rather 
verticillate. The caraway is called Carvi in France, Italy, and 
Scotland, and Kummel in Germany. The plant is cultivated 
chiefly for the seed, which is used in confectionary and in medi- 
cine. In spring the under leaves are sometimes put in soups; 
and in former times the fusiform roots were eaten as parsnips, 
to which Parkinson gives them the preference. : 
Garden culture.—The plant is raised from seed, of which a 
quarter of an ounce is sufficient for a seed-bed 4 feet by 6. Sow 
annually, in autumn, soon after the seed is ripe: the seedlings 
will rise quickly, and should be thinned to a foot distance each 
way. In default of sowing in autumn, sow in March or. April, 
either in drills or broad-cast ; but the plants so raised will not, 
in general, flower till the following year. When the seed is ripe, 
the plant is generally pulled up in gathering, especially in field 
culture. 
Field culture-—The culture and management of the caraway 
is the same as that of Coriander. In all probability both plants 
would answer if sown like clover among a crop of corn, hoed 
and thinned when the crop was removed, and again in the fol- 
lowing spring. The method of culture in Essex is, about the 
beginning of March to plough some old pasture land ; if it has 
been pasture for a century the better ; and the soil should be very 
strong clayey loam. Twelve pounds of caraway-seed are mixed 
with ten pounds of coriander, and twelve pounds of teazle-seed ; 
this is sufficient for an acre, and is sown directly after the plough, 
harrowing the land well. When the plants appear of sufficient 
strength to bear the hoe, which will not be until about ten weeks 
after sowing, it must not be omitted; and in the course of the 
summer the crop will require three hoeings, besides one at 
Michaelmas. The coriander, being annual, will be fit to cut 
about the beginning of July. It is left in the field after cutting, 
and threshed on a cloth in the same manner as rape-seed. About 
April following the caraway and teazle will want a good hoeing, 
done deep and well, and another about the beginning of June. 
The caraway will be fit to cut the beginning of July, and must 
be threshed in the same manner as the coriander. This com- 
pound crop is mostly sown on lands so strong as to require being 
a little exhausted to make it fit for corn. Caraway and coriandet 
are oftenest sown without teazle; the latter being a troublesome 
and uncertain crop, and the produce of caraway much greater 
without it. The produce of caraway, on very rich old leys, ™M 
the hundreds or low lands of Essex, has often been twenty cwt- 
to the acre. There is always a demand for the seed in the 
London market. The uses of caraway-seed are the same as 
those of coriander, and its oil and other preparations are more 
used in medicine. Dr. Anderson says, both the roots and tops 
may be given to cattle in spring. The seeds have an aromati¢ 
smell, and warm pungent taste, and yield much essential oil. 
They are employed as stomachic and carminative, in flatulent 
colics. The oil is used in the same way as other volatile oils. 
Var. B, pterochlænum (D. C. prod. 4. p. 115.) leaves © 
involucrum few and multifid. ©. H. Native of Montbelliard, 
in humid meadows not unfrequent. é 
Var. y, nanum (D. C. 1. c.) stems short. 2%. H. Native of 
the Apennines. Pimpinélla vaginata, Jan. herb. 
Var. 6, elongdtum, segments of the leaves linear, elongated. 
4%. H. Native of Canada. C. Caryi, var. 6, Hook, fl. bor. 
