384 ARALIACEZ. I. Avoxa, II. Panax. 
central pulp, compressed, surrounded by a vertical membranous p. 237. Herb larger than the following ‘species. Flowers yel- 
border. The terminal flower is only 4-cleft, with 8 stamens: lowish. Berry globose, depressed, red. This plant is a native 
the rest 5-cleft; hence according to the rule assumed by Lin- 
nus, this genus is placed in Octandria.—A smooth herb of 
humble growth, with twice ternate leaves, and terminal capitate 
green flowers. (f. 66. a.) 
1 A. moscnaTettrna (Lin. 
spec. p- 527.) %. H. Native of 
Europe and Siberia, even to 
Dahuria, in groves, thickets, and 
under hedges; plentiful in Bri- 
tain in like situations; in North 
America in the woods between 
lat. 54° and 64°, and the Rocky 
Mountains between lat. 42° and 
46°, Smith, engl. bot. t. 453. 
Curt. fl. lond. t. 26. Fl. dan. 
94. Moschatellina tetragona, 
Meench. meth. 478.—Lob. icon. 
674. f. 2.—Cord. hist. 1722. f. 
Gerard. emac. 1091. Root of 
several white imbricated con- 
cave scales, producing fibres and rumers from their interstices. 
Stem angular. Radical leaves twice ternate, on long stalks; 
cauline ones ternate, on long stalks. Flowers with a musk scent, 
when moist, forming a round head. (f. 66. a.) 
Tuberous Moschatell, Fl. April, May. Britain. Pl. 4 foot. 
Cult. The plant will grow freely under the shade of trees; 
and will be easily increased by the offsets. 
FIG. 66. 
II. PA‘NAX (from zav, pan, all, and axoc, akos, a remedy ; 
that is to say, a remedy for all diseases; in allusion to the mira- 
culous virtues which is attributed to P. quinquef dlium, the ginseng 
of the shops). Lin. gen. no. 1166. Lam. ill. t. 860. D. C. prod. 
4. p- 252. 
Lin. syst. Polygamia, Dic'cia. Flowers polygamous. Mar- 
gin of calyx very short, obsoletely 5-toothed. Petals 5 (f. 67. 
a.). Stamens 5, inserted along with the petals under the margin 
of the disk, alternating with them. Styles 2-3, short. Fruit 
fleshy, compressed, orbicular, or didymous (f. 67. c.), 2-celled : 
cells coriaceously chartaceous, 1-seeded.—Herbs, shrubs, and 
trees, having the leaves and inflorescence variable. The habit 
of the species is heterogeneous, but the characters of those that - 
are perfectly known agree. 
§ 1. Herbaceous plants, with tuberous roots ; and verticillate, 
petiolate, palmately-compound leaves.—Aurelidna, Cat. car. 
append. t. 16.—Aralidstrum, Vaill. serm. p. 43. 
1 P. auinquerétium (Lin. 
spec. 1512.)root fusiform, a little 
branched ; leaves with 5 leaflets, 
which are stalked from the top of 
the common petiole; peduncle 
of umbel shorter than the pe- 
tioles; styles and seeds 2. X. 
Native of North Ame- 
rica, in shady mountain woods, 
from Canada to Carolina; and 
of the north of Asia, as in 
Tauria ; and the north of China. 
Sims, bot. mag. 1333. Bigel. 
med. bot. 2. t. 29. Woodv. 
med. bot. t. 99. Blackw. 513. 
—Lafit. gins. 51. t. 1. Catesb. 
car. 16.—Trew, ehret. t. 6. f.1. Jartoux, in phil. trans. 20. 
FIG. 67. 
of Chinese Tartary, and also of North America. In the former 
country it has been gathered as an invaluable drug from time 
immemorial. In 1709 the Emperor of China gave orders to 
10,000 Tartars to go in quest of the root, and to bring as 
much as they could find ; every one was to give two pounds of 
the best to the emperor, and to sell the rest for the same weight 
of fine silver. The roots, which are said to bear some resem- 
blance to the human form, are gathered and dried, and enter 
into almost every medicine used by the Tartars and Chinese. 
Osbeck says that he never looked into the apothecaries’ shops 
but they were always selling ginseng, that both poor people and 
those of the highest rank made use of it, and that they boil 
half an ounce in their tea or soup every morning, as a remedy 
for consumption and other diseases. Jartoux relates that the 
most eminent physicians of China have written volumes on the 
medicinal powers of this plant, asserting that it gives immediate 
relief in extreme fatigue, either of body or mind, that it dissolves 
petuitous humours, and renders respiration easy, strengthens 
the stomach, promotes appetite, stops vomiting, removes hyste- 
rical, hypochondriacal, and all nervous affections, giving a 
vigorous tone of body, even in extreme old age. The French 
in Canada use the root for curing the asthma, and as a stomachic. 
After all, our physicians say that we have no proof of the effi- 
cacy of ginseng in Europe, and that from its sensible qualities 
it seems to possess very little power as a medicine. The Chinese 
name of yansam or yanson, and the American one garangtonges 
or garangtoging are both derived from the fancied resemblance 
in the root. 
Five-leaved Panax. or Ginseng. Fl. Ju. Clt. 1740 PI. 1} ft 
2 P. TRIFÒLIUM (Lin. spec. 1512.) root globose ; leaves of 3, 
rarely of 5 leaflets, which are sessile on the top of the common 
petiole ; peduncle of umbel longer than the petioles; styles and 
seeds 38. 2%. H. Native of North America, in low shady 
woods, from Canada to Georgia. Michx. fl. bor. amer. 2. p. 
256. Bigel. fl. bost. ed. 2. p. 376. P. pusilla, Sims, bot. mag: 
1334. Aràlia triphylla, Poir. suppl. 1. p. 418.—Pluk. mant. 
t. 435. f. 7.—Trew. ehret. t. 6. f. 2. A small herb, with the 
habit of Anemòne nemordsa. Flowers greenish. Berry greenish, 
bluntly trigonal. Lf 
Three-leaved Ginseng. Fl. May, June. Clt. 1759. Pl. z ft. 
3 P. rsev`do-cínsENG (Wall. in act. soc. med. et phys. cate. 
4. p. 117. pl. rar. asiat. 2. p. 30. t. 187.) tubers of roots mM 
fascicles ; leaves in threes or fours, quinate or ternate ; leaflets 
lanceolate, ending in a long taper point, petiolate, much atte- 
nuated at both ends, doubly and cuspidately serrated, sometimes 
deeply serrated, beset with hoary bristles along the nerves a 
midrib; peduncles terminal, usually trifid, about equal in see 
to the petioles; flowers hermaphrodite ; berries 2-3-seedet. 
u%. H. Native of Nipaul, on the top of Mount Sheopa 
Flowers whitish. Styles 2-3. Berry 2-3-celled, red. r 
species comes very near to P. quinquef dlium or Ginseng, but 
not known to possess any medicinal qualities. 
False Ginseng. F). June. Pl. 1 to 2 feet. Be 
4 P. rrivixna‘tum (Wall. cat. no. 4934.) herbaceous, oni 
armed ; leaves triternate; leaflets ovate, acuminated, muct 
nately serrated, pale beneath, rather downy ; panicle. Jong 
pubescent; umbellules many-flowered. %. H. Na 
Nipaul, at Gosaingsthan. P. decompésitum, Wall. but no! 
DAC: 
Tripinnate-leaved Panax. Pl. 2 to 3 feet. 
§2. Prickly shrubs. Leaves ternate, or palmately lobed. 
5 P. acutea'rum (Ait. hort. kew. 3. p. 448.) stem shrubby; 
