454 
principle, which exists in great abundance in the bark; those of 
Cinchéna are known to depend upon the presence of two alkalies, 
called cinchonine and quinine, both of which are combined with 
kinic acid ; two principles which, though very analogous, are 
distinctly different, standing in the same relation to each other 
as potass and soda. Turner, p. 648. Dr. Sertiirner has ob- 
tained some other vegato-alkalies from Cinchdna, one of which 
he calls chinioidia. Brande, journ. 12. p. 417. new series. The 
existence of this is denied by M. M. Neury and Delondre, 
ibid, July, 1830, p. 442. A detailed account of the qualities, 
synonymes, and commercial names of the species of Cinchona 
is given in Mr. Lamberts work on the genus Cinchona, 4to. 
London, 1821. Inthe same work is the translation of Baron 
Humboldt’s account of the Cinchdna forests of South America. 
Three species of Cinchdna, the C. ferruginea, C. Vellosi, and 
C. Remijidna, are found in Brazil, where they are used for the 
same purposes as the Peruvian bark, to which, however, they 
are altogether inferior. St. Hil. pl. usuel. bras. no. 2. The 
French Guiana bark possesses properties analogous to those of 
Cinchona, and is obtained from Portlandia hexdndra the Coutarea 
specidsa, Aublet. Humb. cinch. forest. p. 43. The Quinquina 
Pitou and Quinquina des Antilles are produced by species of 
the genus E xostémma, and are remarkable for possessing proper- 
ties similar to those of the true Quinquina, but without any trace 
of either cinchonine or quinine. St. Hil. pl. usuel. bras. no. 3. 
A kind of fever-bark is obtained at Sierra Leone from Rondeletia 
febrifuga. Besides, there are a great number of other species 
possess barks more or less valuable. Pincknéya pubens is 
the fever-bark of Carolina; Condaminea corymbésa, Isértia 
coccinea, Antirhee‘a, and Morinda Royoc, are all of the same 
description. A lightish brown, bitter, and powerfully astrin- 
gent extract, called Gambier, is obtained at Malacca by boiling 
the leaves of Naúclea Gémbir ; it is sometimes substituted for 
gum-kino, Ainslie, 2. p. 106. A decoction of the leaves, as 
well as the root, of Canthium parviflorum, is prescribed in India 
in certain kinds of flux, and the last is supposed to have anthel- 
mintic properties, though neither has much sensible taste or 
smell. The bark and young shoots are also used in dysentery. 
Ainslie, 2. p. 63. Among the emetics, Ipecacuanha holds the 
first rank ; it is the root of Cephe'lis Ipecacuédnha, a little creep- 
ing-rooted half-herbaceous plant, found in damp shady forests of 
Brazil. Similar properties are found in the roots of other Ru- 
biaceous plants of the same country, as in Richardsodnia rosea 
and R. scàbra, Borreria ferruginea and B. Poàya, &c. A 
peculiar alkaline principle, called emetia, is found in Ipeca- 
cuanha, which contains 16 per cent. of it. Turner, p. 653. The 
Raiz Preta, which is celebrated for its power in curing dropsy, 
and in destroying the dangerous consequences of bites of ser- 
pents, is said to be related to Ipecacuanha. Edinb. phil. journ. 
1. p. 218. Several species of Psychétria, as P. emética, &c. and 
Gedphila reniformis, are substitutes for Ipecacuanha. The spurious 
barks called Quinquina Pitou, are capable of exciting vomiting. 
The powdered fruit of Randia dumetorum, is a powerful emetic. 
An infusion of the bark of the root is administered to nauseate 
in bowel complaints. Ainslie, 2. p. 186. According to Roxburg, 
a 
RUBIACEÆ. 
the root bruised and thrown into ponds where there are fish, in- 
toxicates them, as Cécculus Fndicus. Ainslie, 2. p. 186. Psy- 
chótria Nóxa and Palicoùrea Marcgràvii, both called Erva de 
rata, are accounted poisonous in Brazil; but nothing very cer- 
tain seems to be known of their properties. Edinb. phil. journ. 
14. p. 267. The root of Morinda umbellata in the Moluccas, 
and that of M. citrifdlia in India, is used for dyeing red and 
brown; and the bark of M. Réyoc for ink. The leaves of 
Oldenldndia umbellàta are considered by the native doctors of 
India as expectorant; and the root is employed in India for 
staining nankeens. Ainslie, 2. p. 101. Coffee is the roasted seeds 
of a plant of this order, Cofféa Arábica, and is supposed to owe 
its characters to a peculiar chemical principle called coffein. 
Turner, p. 699. The part roasted is the albumen, which is of a 
hard horny consistence ; and it is probable that the seeds of most 
of the plants of the present order, whose albumen is of the same 
texture, would serve as a substitute. This would not be the 
case with those with fleshy albumen. The fruit of some Gar- 
dénias Génipa and of Vanquéria, the Voa Vanga of Madagascar, 
and Sarcocéphalus esculéntus, are succulent and eatable. The root 
of Rubia tinctdria, the madder, is one of the most important 
dyes with which we are acquainted ; a quality in which the roos 
of many other plants belonging to the tribe Stellàtæ participate 
in a greater or less degree. The roots of Rubia Munjista yield 
the madder of Bengal. Ainslie, 1. p. 203. The torrefied grains 
of Galium are said to be a good substitute for coffee. The 
flowers of Galium vérum are used to curdle milk, An infusion 
of Aspérula cyndnchica has a little astringency, and has been 
used as a gargle. Aspérula odorata, or Woodruff, is remarkable 
for its fragrance when dried ; it passes for a diuretic. Rubia 
Nóxa is said to be poisonous. 
Opposite leaves, with intervening stipulas, a monopetalous 
corolla, with a definite number of stamens, are the great charac- 
teristics of Rubiacee ; an order of such extent, that it embraces 
a very large proportion of the whole phenogamous plants, 1n- 
cluding within its limits humble weeds and lofty trees. Among 
them the plants of beauty or value are innumerable ; of the for- 
mer description the genera Ixdra, Bouvardia, Catesbæa, Port- 
lándia,Cardènia, Hamélia,Cephe'lis, Augústea, and many others, 
are notable examples. 
Synopsis of the genera. 
A. Cells of fruit many-seeded. 
Trisz I. a 
Fruit capsular, 2-celled ; cells many seeced- 
Seeds winged.— Trees or shrubs. Stipulas interpetiolar- 
Cincuona CEE. 
Suprrise I. Navcts‘em, Flowers capitate, sessile, upon @ 
globose receptacle (f. 83. e. f. 84. k.). 
1 Nav’ctea. Tube of calyx oblong; limb truncate : 
toothed (f. 83. b.), with linear lobes. Corolla funnel-shaped ( , 
83. c.), with a slender tube and naked throat. Stigma tumie, 
undivided (f. 83, d.). Capsules sessile, not attenuated at the base. 
2 Unca‘rira. All as in Naúclea, but differs in the pase 
being scattered on the receptacle. Calyx urceolately ae 
Capsules pedicellate, clavate, attenuated at the base. 
or 5- 
