640 
leaves 8 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, deflexed, with rather sca- 
brous margins ; panicles capillary, many-flowered ; fruit smooth. 
Y. H. Native of Turkey, about Constantinople. Flowers 
white, campanulately funnel-shaped. Habit of a species of Galium. 
Long-leaved Woodroof. Fl. June, Aug. Clt. 1820. Pl. 3 
feet, diffuse. 
32 A. opora‘ra (Dod. pempt. p. 355.) plant glabrous, erect, 
or ascending; stems simple ; leaves 8 in a whorl, lanceolate, 
smooth, with serrulately scabrous edges; corymbs terminal, 
pedunculate ; fruit hispid. X4. H. Native of Europe, Si- 
beria, and Caucasus, in shady places and woods; plentiful in 
Britain. Œd. fi. dan. t. 562. Lam. ill. t. 61. Mill. fig. t. 55. 
Smith, eng. bot. t. 755. Blackw. t. 60. Galium odoratum, 
Scop. carn. no. 158. Root creeping a little below the surface 
of the soil, Stems tetragonal. Corymbs usually trifid, each 
division bearing about 4 flowers. Flowers snowy white. The 
plant is without scent when fresh, but when dried diffuses an 
odour like that of vernal grass. It is said to give a grateful 
flavour to wine ; and when kept among clothes, not only to im- 
part an agreeable perfume to them, but to preserve them from 
insects. Turner calls the plant Wood-rose, or Wood-ronel. 
Gerard, Woodrowe, Woodrowell, and Woodrooffe; and Parkin- 
son, Woodroofe. In modern times it is called Woodroof, or 
Woodruff. These names are derived from the place of its natural 
growth, in woods, and from the whorles, ruffs, or rowels of 
leaves. 
Sweet-scented or common Woodroof. Fl. May, June, Britain. 
Pl. $ to 4 foot. 
33 A. aparine (Bieb. fl. taur. p. 102. and suppl. 105. Bess. 
fl. gall. 1. p. 114.) branches diffuse, straggling, with scabrous 
angles; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, oblong or lanceolate, scabrous, 
having the keel and margins beset with small retrograde 
prickles ; peduncles axillary, branched, disposed in a loose fasci- 
culate panicle ; corolla short, tubular; fruit granular. %4. H 
Native of Galicia, Tauria, Caucasus, Volhynia, Russia at Mos- 
cow, Siberia, and Greece, in boggy, grassy places. Rchb. pl. 
crit. 1. t. 93. f. 198. Galium uligindsum, Pall. ind. taur. Asp. 
rivalis, Sibth. and Smith, fl. greec. t.117. Angles of stems sca- 
brous from retrograde prickles. Flowers white, campanulately 
funnel-shaped. Very much the habit of Galium aparine, but 
stronger. Herb scabrous all over. 
Cleavers’ Woodroof. Fl. July, Aug. 
gling. 
34 A. panicura‘ta (Bunge in Ledeb. fl. alt. ill. t. 301. fl. alt. 
1. p. 140.) stems tetragonal, glabrous; lower leaves 4 in a 
whorl: the rest 6, oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, with scabrous 
margins; flowers terminal and axillary, panicled; panicle dif- 
fuse; corollas campanulate; fruit smooth. 2%. H. Native of 
Siberia, in grassy parts of mountains at the rivers Tscharysch 
and Sentelek, and in sandy places at the river Katunja. Leaves 
rather glaucous beneath. Corollas white, with obtuse seg- 
ments. 
Panicled-flowered Woodroof. PI. 1 foot. 
35 A. susveturina (D. C. prod. 4. p. 585.) stems many, 
branched, erect, velvety from small down; leaves 5-8 in a whorl, 
broad-linear, obtuse, rather velvety; flowers verticillate, and 
capitate at the tops of the branches; floral leaves small; co- 
rollas campanulate ; fruit glabrous. Y%.H. Native of Persia, 
on Mount Elwend, where it was collected by Olivier and Bru- 
gwere. Old stems permanent, white, and glabrous. Leaves 6 
lines long, and a line broad. 
Rather-velvety Woodroof. Pl. 3 to 1 foot. 
36 A. caxiolpes (Bieb. fl. taur. 1. p. 101. and suppl. p. 104.) 
plant glabrous; stems terete, ascending ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, 
linear, glaucous; peduncles dichotomous, terminal, corymbose ; 
corollas campanulate ; fruit glabrous, smooth. 4%. H. Native 
Clt. 1818. Pl. strag- 
RUBIACEÆ. CCXIII. ASPERULA. 
CCXIV. CRUCIANELLA. 
of Middle and South Europe, even to Tauria and Caucasus, in 
stony places. Gàlium glaúcum, and probably Gàlium montà- 
num, var. Lin. spec. 156. Asp. glaúca, Bess. Galium Hal. 
lèri, Sut. fl. helv. 1. p. 88. Gàlium campanulatum, Vill. 
dauph. 2. p. 326. Gàlium grandiflòrum, Clairv. man. p. 41. 
Flowers white. Plant glaucous.—This is a very variable plant, 
and is intermediate between Galium and Aspérula. Stems 
either terete or bluntly sub-tetragonal, erectish or diffuse, 
smooth or scabrous at the base. Leaves with revolute or flat 
margins, obtuse or mucronulate.—See Jacq. fl. austr. t. 84. Vill. 
dauph. t. 7. Boce. mus. 2. t. 116. hic 
Var. B, Tyraica (D. C. prod. 4. p. 585.) stems erect, hispid 
at the base ; lower leaves rather hispid. 4%. H. Native about 
Tyra and elsewhere, in stony places. Aspérula Tyraica, Bess, 
enum. cont. p. 42. Galium glaticum, var. Requien, in. herb, 
D.C 
Galium-like Woodroof. Fl. Ju. Aug. Clt. 1710. Pl. 4 to 4 ft. 
37 A. uumirvu'sa (Bieb. fl. taur. suppl. p. 105.) stems pros- 
trate, much branched, hispid, tetragonal; leaves 6 in a whorl, 
linear, spreadingly reflexed, with scabrous edges: lowermost 
ones 8 in a whorl; pedicels axillary, usually by threes, 1- 
flowered; corolla sub-campanulate, with a short tube; fruit 
glabrous. %. H. Native of Tauria, Caucasus, at the Don, 
and on Mount Beschtau, Podolia, and about Theodosia, ex 
D’Ury. enum. p. 15. Galium humifiisum, Bieb. fl. taur. 1. p. 
104. Ledeb. in Schrad. neu. journ. 4. t. 1. p. 59. Flowers 
white. 
Trailing Woodroof. Fl. Ju. Aug. Clt. 1818. Pl. prostrate. 
+ Species not sufficiently known. 
38 A. TourxerórTI (Sieb. ex Spreng. syst. 1. p. $95.) stems 
suffruticose ; leaves obovate-oblong, quite glabrous, glaucous ; 
whorles of flowers approximate; flowers sub-fasciculate, hispid. 
Yy.H. Native of Candia. 
Tournefort’s Woodroof. PI. suffruticose. : 
39 A. umBenza‘ra (Willd. herb. ex D. C. prod. 4. p. 586.) 
4%. H. Native of Hungary. This is the same as 4. hexaphylla, 
ex Spreng. syst. but according to Stevens, obs. mss. It differs in 
the flowers being shorter. 
Umbellate-flowered Woodroof. PI. 
40 A. invorucra'ra (Bergr. et Wahl. in isis. 1828. vol. pi 
p- 971.) leaves 4 in a whorl, obovate, elongated, obtuse, 68'a- 
` brous ; stems decumbent; peduncles lateral and terminal ; 
flowers umbellate ; leaves of involucrum obtuse, glabrous. fa 
H. Native of the Levant, among bushes on the sides of hills. 
Leaves like those of Galium palistre. 
Involucrated Woodroof. Pl. decumbent. h 
Cult. Most of the species of Woodroof are very pretty w ae 
in flower, and are therefore well adapted for decorating meee 
borders or rock-work. They will grow in any common gar og 
soil, and are easily increased by parting at the root. A. here 
will thrive under the shade of trees, where hardly any thing € i 
will grow. The seeds of annual species only require to be sow 
where the plants are intended to remain. 
CCXIV. CRUCIANE’LLA (a dim. of cruz, a cross : M pet 
sion to the leaves being placed crosswise). Lin. gen. n0- a 
Geert. fruct. 1. p. 111. t. 24. Lam. ill. t. 61. Juss. men xi 
6. p. 870. A. Rich. mem. soc. hist. nat. par. 5. p- TSi: D- 
prod. 4. p. 586. sa 
Lix. syst. Tetra-Pentándria, Monogy'nia. Calyx wit Ps 
ovate tube, and a hardly distinct limb. Corolla tubular, ne A 
gated, funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed ; lobes usually drawn Oe oil : 
setaceous, inflexed appendage each. Stamens 4-5, pre : 
anthers linear. Style 2-lobed at the apex, shorter thant e 
of the corolla. Fruit divisible into 2 parts, but not crown 
