RUBIACEZ. 
6 R. ancusrisstma (Wall. cat. no. 6207.) stems quadrangular, 
almost winged, serrated from retrograde prickles; leaves 4 in a 
whorl, long, linear, with scabrous edges, sessile ; peduncles di- 
chotomously divided. 4%. S. Native of the Burmese Empire, 
on Mount Taong Dong, near Ava. Root like that of R. Mun- 
jista. 
Very-narron-leaved Madder. PI. straggling. 
7 R. cHarzro't1a (Wall. cat. no. 6210.) stems quadrangular, 
angles beset with retrograde, prickly denticulations; leaves 8-10 
ina whorl, linear, sessile, scabrous on the margins and keel; 
corymbs terminal. 2. F. Native of Nipaul. 
Chara-leaved Madder. PI. straggling. 
** Suffruticise. Stems shrubby. Leaves on short petioles, 
oblong or lanceolate. 
8 R. rruricdsa (Ait. hort. kew. 1. p. 147.) stem shrubby, 
smooth; leaves 2-6 in a whorl: the uppermost ones opposite, 
elliptic, on short petioles, having the margins and keel scabrous 
from prickles; flowers pentamerous ; corymbs axillary, short, 
few-flowered. h. G. Native of Teneriffe, among bushes, 
Jacq. icon. rar. t. 25. R. fruticdsa, and R. Canariénsis, Poir. 
suppl. 2. p- 707. Leaves varying from oval to oblong-lanceo- 
late, with distant retrograde prickles on the margins. Corollas 
yellowish. Peduncles usually 3-flowered. 
Var. B, galivides (D. C. prod. 4. p. 589.) stem shrubby, 
terete, smooth ; leaves 6 in a whorl, petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, 
with rough margins; peduncles axillary, 3-4-flowered, much 
shorter than the leaves. h.G. Native of the Canary Islands. 
R. galioides, Poir. suppl. 2. p. 705. 
Shrubby Madder. FI. Sept. Clt. 1779. Shrub 4 to 5 feet. 
9 R. acarycura‘ra (Cay. icon. 2. p. 75. t. 195.) stems rather 
esa smooth, hexagonal; leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceo- 
ate, having the nerve beneath and the margins furnished with 
retrograde prickles; corymbs axillary, trichotomous, bibrac- 
teate; flowers pentamerous. 4%. h. G. Native of Madras, 
pute It is called Tasaygo. Leaves 7-9 in a whorl, but on the 
ranches only 3 ina whorl. Flowers yellowish. Teeth of calyx 
Bot perspicuous, as in many other species of the genus. Very 
nearly allied to R, fruticosa. 
Ecalyculate-flowered Madder. Shrub 2 feet. 
10 R. ræ'vis (Poir. voy. 2. p. 111. suppl. 2. p. 706. but not of 
-) stem shrubby, smooth; leaves 8 in a whorl, linear-lan- 
eee mucronate, smooth; peduncles axillary, simple, or bifur- 
bn » Giverging. k. S. Native of Barbary, on the sea-shore 
ar Lacalle. Perhaps a species of Galium. Flowers white, 
tetramerous, 
Smooth Madder. Shrub. 
+ 3 
of i x Tinc trie (from tinctorius, for dying; the roots of most 
Si e species are used for dying). D. C. prod. 4. p. 589. 
c ems herbaceous. Leaves sessile, or on short petioles, never 
ordate, 
ike = ANGUSTIFOLIA (Lin. mant. p. 39.) plant herbaceous ; 
ma; S 4 in a whorl, linear, scabrous above, and also along the 
3. rgins and nerve ; angles of stems prickly ; corymbs axillary, 
"liebe 3 lobes of corolla bluntish, apiculated. 2%. F. Na- 
60 a ibraltar, Portugal, and Balearic Islands. Lam. ill. t. 
A Leaves evergreen. Flowers pale yellow. Perhaps 
e 6 following are only variations of R. tinctoria. 
a arrow-leaved Madder. Fl. June, Aug. Clt. 1772. Pl. 
raggling, 
rea z LONGIFÒLIA (Poir. suppl. 2. p. 703.2) herbaceous ; 
ct 4-6 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, elongated, acuminated, 
ae Sessile, smooth above, but with the margins and nerve 
aan, from prickles, as well as the angles of the stem ; pe- 
hrs es trichotomous ; lobes of corolla acutish, acuminated, not 
Ptly cuspidate. 2. H. Native of Corsica and at Mogo- 
CCXV. Rusia. 643 
dor. R. Requiènii, Duby, bot. gall. 1. p. 247. Flowers yel- 
lowish. Berries black. 
Long-leaved Madder. PI. straggling. 
13 R. tincrorum (Lin. spec. p. 158.) herbaceous ; leaves 4-6 
in a whorl, on short petioles, lanceolate, smooth above, scabrous 
from prickles on the margins and keel, and along the angles of 
the stem; peduncles axillary, trichotomous; lobes of corolla 
gradually acuminated, not cuspidate. 2. H. Native of the 
Levant and south of Europe; and also of Caucasus, on Mount 
Beschbarmak, and plentiful near Dervent, and in the province of 
Baku; but cultivated in many parts for the sake of its roots. 
Lam. ill. t. 60. f. 1. Heyne, arzn. gew. xi. t. 5. Schkuhr. 
handb. t. 28. Mill. fig. t. 1. Woodv. med. bot. t. 68. Smith, 
fl. græc. t. 141. Sabb. hort. 1. t. 77. Blackw. t. 26. R. pere- 
grìna, Murr. bot, val. p. 91. ex Gaudin. R. sylvéstris and R. 
tinctorum, Mill. dict. no. 1-2. Roots long, thick, and red. 
Leaves and stems fading in autumn. Flowers yellow, pentame- 
rous. Berries dark purple. 
The root of the dyer’s madder is composed of many long, 
thick, succulent fibres, almost as large as a man’s little finger ; 
these are joined at the top in a head, like the roots of asparagus, 
and strike very deep into the ground, being sometimes more 
than three feet in length. From the upper part come out many 
side-roots, which extend just under the surface of the ground to 
a great distance, whereby it propagates very fast; for these send 
up a number of shoots, which, if carefully taken off in spring, 
soon after they are above ground, become so many plants. It 
is a native of the south of Europe, flowers in June, and seeds 
soon afterwards ; but by them it is never propagated. Madder 
is mentioned by the Greeks as a medical plant; but when it was 
first used in dying is uncertain. It has been cultivated in Hol- 
land and Flanders, and other parts of the continent for that pur- 
pose, for many years, and has been tried in this country; but 
unless the importation of the root from the continent were en- 
tirely prevented, it will not answer. Its culture has been 
attempted at different times, when our commerce with the Dutch 
was interrupted, or when they raised the price of the article 
exorbitantly high. At present it may be imported not only 
from Holland, but from France, Italy, and Turkey. 
The soils most suited to the cultivation of madder are those 
of the deep, fertile, sandy loams, that are not retentive of moisture, 
and which have a considerable portion of vegetable matter in 
their composition. It may also be grown on the more light de- 
scription of soils, that have sufficient depth, and which are in a 
proper state of fertility. 
The preparation of the soil may either consist in trench- 
ploughing, lengthways and across, with pronged stirrings, so as 
to bring it to a fine tilth; or, what will often be found preferable, 
by one trenching 2 feet deep by manual labour. 
The sets of plants are best obtained from the runners, or sur- 
face shoots of the old plants. These being taken up, are to be 
cut into lengths of from 6 to 12 inches, according to the scarcity 
or abundance of runners. Sets of one inch will grow, if they 
have an eye, or bud, and some fibres; but their progress will 
be slow, for want of maternal nourishment. Sets may also be 
procured by sowing the seeds in fine light earth, a year before 
they are wanted, and then transplanting them; or sets an inch 
long may be planted for one year in a garden, and then removed 
to the field plantation. 
The season of planting is commonly May or June, and the 
manner is generally in rows, 9 or 10 inches asunder, and 5 or 6 
inches apart in the rows. Some plant promiscuously in beds, 
with intervals between; but this is unnecessary, as it is not the 
surface, but the descending roots, which are used by the dyer. 
The operation of planting is generally done by the dibber, but 
some plant them by the aid of the plough. By this mode, the 
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