644 
ground is ploughed over with a shallow furrow, and in the 
course of the operation the sets are deposited in each furrow, 
leaning on and pressed against the furrow-slice. This, however, 
is a bad mode, as there is no opportunity of firming the plants at 
the roots, and as some of the sets are apt to be buried, and others 
not sufficiently covered. 
The after culture consists in hoeing and weeding, with stirring 
by pronged hoes, either of the horse or hand kind. Some earth 
up, but this is unnecessary, and even injurious, as tearing the 
surface roots. 
The Madder crop is taken at the end of the third autumn 
after planting, and generally in the month of October. By far 
the best mode is that of trenching over the ground, which not 
only clears it effectually, but fits it at once for another crop. 
But where madder has been grown on land prepared by the 
plough, that implement may be used in removing it. Pre- 
viously to trenching, the haulm may be removed with an old 
scythe, and carted to the farmery, to be used as litter to spread 
in the straw-yards. 
rying the roots is the next process, which, in very fine sea- 
sons, may sometimes be effected on the soil, by simply laying 
the plants on it as they are taken up; but in most seasons they 
require to be dried on a kiln, like that used for malt or hops. 
They are dried till they become brittle, and then packed up in 
bags for sale to the dyer. 
The produce from the root of this plant is different according 
to the difference of the soil, but mostly from 10 to 15 or 20 
hundred weight, where it is suitable to its cultivation. 
In judging of the quality of Madder roots, the best is that 
which, on being broken in two, has a brightish red or purplish 
appearance, without any yellow cast being exhibited, 
The use of the Madder roots is chiefly in dyeing and calico 
printing. The haulm which accumulates on the surface of the 
field in the course of 3 years, may be carted to the farm-yard, 
and fermented along with horse-dung. It has the singular pro- 
perty of dyeing the horns of the animals who eat it of a red 
colour. 
Madder seed in abundance may be collected from the plants 
in September of the second and third years, but it is never so 
propagated.—Madder is sometimes blighted, but in general it 
has but few diseases. 
Madder is cultivated in Holland only on the very best soils, 
and with plenty of manure. At the end of May or April, ac- 
cording as the young plants are large enough to be transplanted, 
the land must be ploughed in beds of 2 feet, and 24 feet wide; 
the beds are then harrowed and raked, and the young suckers of 
the roots or plants are to be put down in rows, at intervals of 
a foot or a foot and a half, and at 6 or 8 inches distant in the 
row. During the entire summer the land should be frequently 
stirred, and kept free from weeds. In the month of November, 
when the leaves are faded, the plants are covered with 2 inches 
of earth, by a plough, having the point of the coulter a little 
raised or rounded, so as not to injure the young plants. In the 
following spring, when the young roots are 4 or 5 inches long, 
they are gathered or torn off, and planted in new beds, in the 
same manner as above stated ; and then, in the month of Sep- 
tember or October, after the faded leaves have been removed, 
the old roots are taken up. The madder thus taken up should 
be deposited under cover, to protect it from the rain, and after 
10 or 12 days, placed in an oven moderately heated. When 
dried sufficiently it is gently beaten with a flail, to get rid of the 
clay that may adhere to the plants; and by means of a small 
wind-mill, is ground and sifted, to separate it from any remain- 
ing earth or dirt. It is then replaced in the oven for a short 
time, and when taken out, is spread upon a hair cloth to 
cool; after which it is ground and cleaned once more. It is 
RUBIACEE. 
CCXV. Rusa. 
then carried to a bruising mill, and reduced to fine powder, and 
then packed in casks or barrels for the market. 
Var. B, Ibérica (Fisch. in litt. ex D.C. prod. 4. p. 589.) 
leaves on longer petioles, downy on the veins and nerves beneath, 
4%. H. Native of Iberia. The roots of this variety are said to 
be better for the purposes of dyeing than those of the species. 
Dyer's Madder. Fl. June. Clit. 1596. Pl. straggling. 
14 R. rerecrina (Lin. spec. p. 158.) herbaceous ; leaves 4-6 
in a whorl, sessile, lanceolate, shining above, smooth, but sca- 
brous from hooked prickles on the margins and keel, and along 
the angles of the stem ; peduncles axillary, dichotomous ; lobes of 
corolla ovate, cuspidately awned. YJ. H. Native of south 
and middle Europe, in rough places; in the west of Britain in 
thickets, and on stony or sandy ground. D. C. fl. fr. 4. no. 3389. 
Smith, engl. bot. t. 851. R. A’nglica, Huds. angl. 1. p. 54. R. 
tinctòrum, With. brit. p. 193. R. tinctòrum a, Lam. fl. fr. 2. 
p. 605. R. lucida, D’Urv. cat. p. 17.—Petiv. brit. t. 30. f. 8, 
—Moris, hist. sect. 9. t. 21. f. 2. Flowers dusky yellow, pen- 
tamerous. Root creeping, fleshy, tawny red. Berries black. 
Foreign Madder. Fl. July. England. Pl. straggling. 
15 R. xu'crpa (Lin. syst. veg. xii. p. 732.) herbaceous; leaves 
4-6 in a whorl, elliptic, shining, with a smooth keel, but scabrous 
from prickles along the margins and angles of the stem; pedun- 
cles axillary, trichotomous, short; lobes of corolla lanceolate, 
acuminated, inflexed at the points. 1%. H. Native of south and 
middle Europe, in rugged places. Smith, fl. greece. 142. 
fl. fr. 4. p. 268. R. tenuifdlia, D’Urv. cat. p. 17. R. rotun- 
difdlia, Poir. suppl. 2. p. 106. Leaves permanent. Flowers 
dusky yellow, pentamerous. : 
Var. B, angustifolia (Guss. prod. fl. sic. 1. 
smoothish ; leaves elliptic-oblong or lanceolate. 
of Sicily and the south of France. i 
Shining-leaved Madder. FI. July. Clt. 1762. Pl. stragg 10g; 
16 R. Bocconi (Petagn. inst. bot. 2. p. 255.) here 
leaves 4 in a whorl, ovate, shining above, scabrous on pate 
and margins, and angles of the stem; peduncles axillary, tric ies 
tomous ; lobes of corolla 4-5, acute. 2%. H. Native of ye a 
and Sicily, among calcareous rocks. Ten. fl. neap. t. 10. aes 
prod. sic. 1. p. 182.——Bocc. mus. t. 75.—Barrel. icon. ye z 
Flowers greenish-white, sweet-scented. Habit of R. licida. me 
yellow. Leaves permanent. Angles of stems prickly. cone : 
Bocconi’s Madder. FI. June, Aug. Clt. 1823. Pl. stragg ah) 
17 R. sexe’Npens (Hoffins. et Link, fl. port. 2. p. 67- t : 
herbaceous; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, obversely oblong, pp 
having the nerve on both surfaces and margins scabrous a $ 
prickles, as well as the angles of the stems; panicles a aes 
lobes of corolla prickly. 4%. H. Native of Portugal, in hedg 
p. 183.) stem 
YH. Native 
about Lisbon. R. sylvéstris, Brot. fl. lus. 1. p. 153. but not of 
Mill. Flowers yellow, pentamerous. 2 Pi 
Glittering-leaved Madder. Fl. June, Aug. Clt. 1812. 
straggling. : 
18 aeons (Hook. et Arn. in bot. misc. 3. P: yr 
glabrous, smoothish; stems diffuse, herbaceous, divo ee 
branched, intricate, acutely 4-angled; leaves small, or die 
linear, hardly acute, almost nerveless ; branches of ners gee 
varicate; flowers pedunculate, bractless ; berries globose. 
Native of Chili, among hedges of Cacti at San Isedro. 
Intricate-branched Rubia. PI. diffuse. : 5. P 
19 R. Oxtverrn (A. Rich. in mem. soc. hist. nat. Par. is 
132.) stems suffruticose, rather hexagonal, scabrous from re 
p es 
grade prickles or bristles; branches powdery, downy t Kagit 
usually 6 in a whorl, oboval, mucronate at the apex, wa 5 
r , 
margins; peduncles axillary, usually by threes, tripa ; 
3-flowered at the apex ; corolla subcampanulate, 5-parte a by 
H. Native of the island of Scio, where it was collecte 
Oliveir and Bruguiere. 
