658 
long-linear, with hairy revolute edges; floriferous branches 
short, axillary, few-flowered ; lobes of corolla hardly acutish ; 
fruit glabrous.— Native of New Holland, at Port Jackson, where 
it was collected by Gaudichaud. Stems 8-10 inches long. Leaves 
2-3 lines long, shorter than the internodes. Flowers white. 
Gaudichaud’s Bed-straw. PI. decumbent. 
§ 12. Ewaparines (from eu, well, and aparine, cleavers ; the 
section is supposed to contain the true kinds of cleavers). D. C. 
prod. 4. p. 607. Plants annual. Stems scabrous. Leaves 4-8 
ina whorl. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers usually hermaphro- 
dite. Fruit granular or hispid, didymously globose. 
117 G. saccHara‘tum (All. pedem. no. 39.) stems weak, 
branched, with retrograde roughness along the angles ; leaves 
6 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, scabrous from prickles along 
the margins; prickles not retrograde; peduncles axillary, 3-4- 
flowered, recurved when bearing the fruit, and length of 
leaves ; fruit didymosely globose, warted. ©. H. Native of 
Europe, in corn fields ; Scotland, in the Carse of Gowrie, and 
near Forfar; and near Malton, in Yorkshire. D. C. fl. fr. 
ed. 3. no. 3379. Wallr. ann. bot. 24, Req. diss. mss. G. ver- 
rucosum, Smith, in engl. bot. t. 2173. fl. grec. t. 133. Va- 
lantia saccharata, Gmel. fl. bad. 3. p. 781. Valantia aparine, 
Lin. spec. 1491. Schrad. spic. 55. t. 1. f. 3. V. aparine a, Lam. 
fl. fr. 3. p. 383. Aparine verrucosa, Moench. meth. p. 640.— 
Vaill. bot. t. 4. f. 3. b. Perhaps G. granulatum, Roem. et Schultes, 
syst. 3. p. 249. or Valántia granulàris, Spreng. in Schrad. journ. 
1800. 2. p. 200. Peduncles 3-flowered, lateral ones male, and 
middle one hermaphrodite. 
Sugary Cleavers or Goosegrass. Fl. Ju. Aug. Britain. Pl. dif. 
118 G. rrico’rne (With. brit. ed. 2. p. 153.) stems weak, 
simple, rough from retrograde prickles along the angles; leaves 
8 in a whorl, lanceolate, scabrous from retrograde prickles along 
the margins and keel ; peduncles axillary, 3-flowered, recurved 
when in fruit, not exceeding the leaves ; fruit didymously glo- 
bose, granular. ©. H. Native throughout the whole of Eu- 
rope, in corn-fields; also of Caucasus; in many parts of England, 
in chalky fields, but not common. D. C. fi. fr. ed. 3. no. 
3378. Smith, engl. bot. t. 1641. Wallr. ann. bot. t. 23. Req. 
diss. mss. G. spùrium, Huds. angl. p.68. G. Valantia, Wigg. 
prim. p. 12. Valántia trifldra, Lam. fl. fr. 3. p. 384. exclusive 
of the synonymes. Valántia aparìne, Mart. fl. rust. 1. t. 122. 
Valántia tricórnis, Roth, neu. beytr. 1. p. 142.—Vaill. bot. t. 
4. f. 3.a,a. Flowers greenish-white. 
Three-horned Goosegrass. F]. Ju. Aug. Britain. P1.4 to 1 ft. 
119 G. spu‘rium (Lin. spec. p. 154.) stems decumbent, sca- 
brous from retrograde prickles along the angles, but glabrous at 
the knees ; leaves 6-9 in a whorl, lanceolate, mucronate, keeled, 
scabrous from retrograde prickles along the keel and edges; 
peduncles many-flowered, hardly recurved, while in the fruit 
longer than the leaves; fruit glabrous, smooth. ©. H. Native 
of Europe and Siberia, in fields and all cultivated ground; in 
Scotland, in corn-fields about Forfar, but rare. D.C. fl. fr. ed. 3. 
no. 3377. Smith, eng. bot. t. 1871. G. agréste leiospérmum, 
Wallr. sched. p 59. G. hispidum, Hoffm. germ. 1. p. 74. G. 
adhze'rens, Jacq. hort. vind. ex Jan. herb. G. aparine var. 
Spreng. Flowers green. Perhaps two species are confused 
under this name, differing much in the size of the fruit. 
Spurious Goosegrass. Fl. June, July. Britain. Pl. decumb. 
120 G. scaze’rrimum (Vahl, in Horn. hort. hafn. 1. p. 135.) 
stem angular, scabrous from retrograde prickles; leaves 8 in a 
whorl, linear, spreadingly reflexed, longer than the internodes, 
mucronate, very scabrous above, and scabrous from prickles 
along the keel and margins ; peduncles axillary, few-flowered, 
subcorymbose; fruit globose, didymous, hispid from bristles, 
which are hooked at the apex. ©.H. Native of Egypt. G. 
‘prickles; peduncles simple or bifid; 
RUBIACEA. CCXVI. Garum. 
hispidum, Willd. enum. hort, berol. 1. p. 150. Corollas yel- 
lowish. Stem simple. 
Very-rough Goosegrass. Fl. Ju. July. Clt. 1821. Pl. 4 foot, 
121 G. Aparine (Lin. spec. p. 157.) stems weak, branched, 
rough from retrograde prickles, villous at the nodi; leaves 8 in a 
whorl, lanceolate-linear, apiculated, scabrous from retrograde 
prickles along the margins and keel; peduncles simple and bifid, 
scabrous ; fruit didymously globose, very hispid from bristles, 
that are hooked at top. ©. H. Native throughout the whole 
of Europe, north of Asia, and North America, in hedges, fields, 
and in most cultivated places; plentiful in Britain. Oed. fi. dan. 
t. 495. Smith, engl. bot. t. 816. Bull. herb. fr. t. 215. Heyne, 
term. bot. t. 13. f. 6. Mart. fl. rust. t. 104. Woodv. med. bot. 
suppl. 269. Valantia Aparine 6, Lam. fl. fr. 3. p. 383. Aparine 
hispida, Moench. meth. p. 640. Rubia tinctorum, Lapeyr. ex 
Benth. Aparine, Dod. pempt. 353. Petiv. brit. t. 30. fled Flowers 
small, pale buff-coloured. Fruit rather large. Stems climbing. 
The well known property of this plant of adhering to whatever it 
comes in contact with, acquired it the names of Cleavers or 
Clivers, and Catchweed or Scratchweed; and from being a 
favourite food or medicine of geese, Goosegrass, Gooseshare, and 
Goslingweed. The stalks, according to Linnzeus, are used in 
Sweden as a filtre to strain milk through. Dioscorides relates 
that the shepherds made the same use of it in his time. It is 
reckoned to purify the blood, and for that purpose the tops are 
an ingredient in spring broth. The expressed juice of the herb 
taken to the amount of 4 ounces or a quarter of a pint night and 
morning, during several weeks, is very efficacious in removing 
many cutaneous disorders. It has been most celebrated in 
scrofulous and cancerous sores, but the experiments made has 
not turned out in its favour. The seeds are a good substitute 
for coffee. The roots, like most of the genus, will dye red, and 
eaten by birds have tinged their bones of that colour. 
Var. B, minor (Req. diss. mss. ex D. C. prod. 4. p. 608.) stem 
dwarf; leaves usually 6 in a whorl, and smaller. ©. H. Native 
of the island of St. Lucia, near Narbonne. 
Common Cleavers or Goosegrass. Fl. May, Aug. 
Pl. climbing. 
122 G. Vaitra’ntu (D. C. fl. fr. 1805. no. 8381.) stems 
weak, nearly simple, glabrous at the nodi, but scabrous ie a 
trograde prickles along the angles; leaves 8 ina whorl, line ie 
having the keel and margins scabrous from zeroan A 
fruit globosely didy 
mous, rather hispid from a few bristles, which are hooked s 
their tops. ©. H. Native of Europe, in cultivated eie 
plentiful in some parts of Britain, G. infestum, Waldst. et yas 
pl. rar. hung. 3. p. 202. (1808) Bess. gall. 121. G. EPS 
echinospérmum, Wallr. sched. p. 59. G. Aparine A - 
Flowers small, yellowish. Fruit about half the size of thos 
G. aparine, and not so hispid. 
Vaillant's Goosegrass. Fl. June, July. Cit. 1817. PL2 
to 3 feet. : Be; 
123 G. apartnoipes (Forsk. descrip. p. 30.) stems ef 
prickly along the angles, but the prickles are not rettoge E 
in most of the species, but lean forward, and the knees or ee 
are equal and glabrous; leaves 6 in a whorl, oblong, ances 
from retrograde prickles along the margins and keel ; is i 
3 from the top of each branch, bifid ; fruit hispid from ia in 
which are hooked at the tops. ©. H. Native of Ara Fut 
shady places. Vahl, symb. 2. p. 30. Flowers white. 
like that of G. aparine. 
Cleavers’-like Goose-grass. Pl. procumbent. k, gla- 
124 G. PaUcIFLòRUM (Bunge, l. c.) annual ; stems To the 
brous, tetragonal, scabrous from retrograde prickles a one se 
angles ; leaves 6 in a whorl, spatulately oblong; ae S 
the base, cuspidate by a spine, hispid above, and glabr 
Britain. 
