RUBIACEHR, CCXXVIII. Carysrayrum. 
toothed at the apex, downy beneath. h.S. Native of moun- 
tain woods, about Caraccas. 
Red-wooded Sickingia. Tree or shrub. 
2S, toncirdzia (Willd. 1. c.) leaves oblong-ovate, quite 
entire, glabrous. h.S. Native along with the preceding. 
Long-leaved Sickingia. Tree. 
Cult. See Psychétria, p. 599. for culture and propagation. 
CCXXVIII. CALYSPHY‘RUM (from cadvé, kalyz, a calyx, 
and ogupoy, sphyron, a little hammer; the calyx is like a pedun- 
cle). Bunge, in mem. acad. mss. Petersb. 2. p. 107. 
Li. syst. Tetrdndria, Monogynia. Tube of calyx linear- 
pentagonal, adnate to the ovarium, 10-striped ; limb subcam- 
panulate, profoundly 5-lobed ; segments lanceolate, equal, acute, 
erect, deciduous. Corolla superior, funnel-shaped, about equal 
inlength to the calycine segments; throat wide, glabrous ; limb 
ample, Spreading, 5-parted; segments roundish, imbricate in 
estivation: the fifth one a little smaller than the rest. Stamens 
5 inserted in the bottom of the tube of the corolla, and alternat- 
ing with its segments. Anthers linear-oblong, 2-celled, dehis- 
cing at each side by a longitudinal chink. Ovarium inclosed in 
the tube of the calyx, 2-celled, many- ovulate. Style filiform, 
exserted ; stigma peltate. Capsule 2-celled ; cells many-seeded. 
Seeds disposed in 2 rows in each cell, inserted in the dissepi- 
ment, imbricated, compressed.—Perhaps the genus is more 
nearly allied to Lobelidcee than to Rubiacee. 
1 C. FLO'RIDUM (Bunge, l. c.) leaves opposite, almost sessile, 
oblong, acuminated, toothed; flowers 2-4, sessile, terminating 
the branches ; corollas grumose. h.G. Native of China, in 
an Flowers size and form of those of Rhododéndron Dai- 
Flowery Calysphyrum. Shrub. 
Cult, See Pimax, p. 662. for culture and propagation. 
tt Genera referred to Rubiàceæ by authors, but do not belong 
to the order. 
ypcllenia, Lin. belongs to Solanee; and Gertnéra, Lam., 
seria, Willd., Pagamia, Aubl. belongs to Loganee. 
Orpen CXXXI. VALERIA‘'NES (this order contains plants 
agreeing with Valeriana in important characters). D. C. fl. fr. 4. 
p: 237. propr. med. ed. 2. p. 175. coll. mem. vii. t. 5. Dufres. 
diss. val, 4to. 1811. Kunth in Desv. journ. 1814. vol. 2. p. 171. 
êt nov, gen. amer. 3. p. 322. Cham. et Schlecht, in Linnea. 4. 
l 129. D. C. prod. 4. p. 423.—Genera of Dipsàceæ, Juss.— 
aleriàna, Lin. gen. no. 44. 
Tube of calyx adnate to the ovarium; limb variable in the 
different genera, sometimes toothed or parted, sometimes going 
away in Pappus, which is at first involute, and at length ex- 
panded. Corolla tubularly funnel-shaped, usually 5-lobed, 
Tarely 5-4-lobed; lobes obtuse; tube equal or gibbous, or 
Spurred at the base. Stamens adnate to the tube of the corolla, 
ut free at the apex, alternating with its lobes when they are 
equal in number, but varying in number in the different ge- 
Ssa rom 1 to 5. Anthers ovate, 2-celled. Style filiform ; 
stigmas 2-3, free, or combined in one. Fruit membranous or 
subnucumentaceous, indehiscent, crowned by the limb of the 
te in the younger state; sometimes 3-celled, in this case 2 of 
oe cells are vacant; sometimes only 1-celled. Seed in the fer- 
ue cell or solitary fruit, pendulous, exalbuminous. Embryo 
Straight, with a superior radicle, and 2 flat cotyledons.—Annual 
VOL, 11, 
VALERIANEZ. 665 
or perennial herbs, very rarely woody at the base. Roots of 
the perennial species thickish, intensely sweet-scented ; of the 
annual species slender, white, and inodorous. Leaves oppo- 
site, exstipulate, different in diverse species, and in the same 
plant. In the latter case the lower ones are usually entire, and 
the superior ones are laciniated. Flowers disposed in cymose 
corymbs, usually hermaphrodite, very rarely dioecious by abor- 
tion, usually furnished with from 1-3 bracteas, white, rose-co- 
loured or bluish, but in the genus Nardéstachys they are purple, 
and in Patrinia yellow. 
The plants contained in this order are more interesting for 
the sake of their symmetry and neatness than on account of any 
particular attractions; they may be considered a connecting 
link between Rubidcee and Dipsdcee. Most of them are 
pretty. The Valerianellas are useful esculents, known under 
the name of corn salads; Centrdnthus ruber is also eaten in 
the same way in Sicily. Their medicinal properties are of 
a decisive character. The roots of Valeridna officinalis, Phu, 
Céltica, and others are bitter, tonic, aromatic, antispasmodic, 
and vermifugal ; they are occasionally used as febrifuges. 
The odour of valerian is not generally agreeable, but eastern 
nations procure from the mountains of Austria the roots of 
Valeriana Céltica, with which they perfume their baths; and 
the natives of India at this day employ the Nardéstachys, the 
spikenard of old times, as a perfume, and against hysterics and 
epilepsy. 
Synopsis of the genera. 
1 Parrinra. Limb of calyx slightly 5-toothed. Corolla re- 
gular, bluntly 5-lobed. Stamens 4, rarely 5. Stigma capitate, 
trigonal. Capsule 3-celled. 
2 Narpo’stacuys. Limb of calyx 5-parted: lobes slightly 
denticulated. Corolla regular, bluntly 5-lobed, with a bearded 
throat. Stamens 4. Stigma capitate. Capsule 3-celled. 
3 Durre’snra. Limb of calyx 3-parted; lobes serrated. 
Corolla obconical, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Fruit membranous, in- 
dehiscent, very villous, 3-celled. 
4 VALERIANELLA. Limb of calyx toothed. Corolla regu- 
lar, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. Stigma almost undivided or trifid. 
Fruit 3-celled, rather membranous, indehiscent, sometimes with 
2 of the cells fertile. 
5 Astre'puta. Limb of calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel- 
shaped, 5-lobed, gibbous on one side at the base. Stamens 3. 
Style trifid at the apex. Fruit 2-celled. 
6 Fe‘p1a. Limb of calyx with 4 unequal subulate lobes (f. 
113. c.). Corolla filiform, with an unequally 5-lobed subrin- 
gent limb (f. 113. f.). Stamens 2 (f. 113. 4.). Stigma bifid 
(£. 113. g.). Fruit spongy (f. 113. b.), indehiscent, 3-celled. 
7 Prxectritis. Limb of calyx entire. Corolla gibbous at the 
base in front from a short spur, with a 5-lobed bilabiate limb. 
Stamens 3. Capsule cartilaginous, 1-celled, 2-winged. 
8 Centra’ntuus, Limb of calyx involute at the time of 
flowering (f. 114. b.), but afterwards evolute and deciduous, of 
many-feathered bristles (f. 114. 4.), Corolla with a narrow 
tube, which is spurred at the base (f. 114. c.), and a regular 5- 
