OLEIN/E. XIII. LiwocrERA. 
8 L. uacRoPHY LLA (Wall. cat. 2826.) racemes compound, 
axillary, composed of 3-5-flowered branches or peduncles; 
leaves elliptic, tapering to both ends, on long subalate petioles, 
entire, glabrous. h.S. Native of Silhet. Leaves 8-10 inches 
long, and 4-6 broad. Very like LZ. ramiflóra. 
Large-leaved Linociera. Tree or shrub. 
9 L. Marasa'RicA (Wall. cat. no. 2828.) peduncles com- 
pound, axillary, aggregate, downy as well as the calyxes, with 
3-flowered branches; leaves elliptic, obtuse, short-acuminated, 
sometimes tapering to the base, coriaceous, glabrous. h. S. 
Native of Malabar. Chionánthus Malabáricus, Herb. Heyne. 
Malabar Linociera. Tree or shrub. 
10 L. woNTA'NA ; racemes compound, axillary, crowded, much 
shorter than the leaves; leaves elliptic-oblong, acuminated, en- 
tire, glabrous, 5. S. Native of Java, in woods on the moun- 
tains of Parang and Salak, where it is called Kiburiet. Chio- 
nánthus montànus, Blum. bijdr. p. 681. 
Mountain Linociera. Tree. 
11 L. osrówGA (Wall. cat. no. 2843.) peduncles lateral and 
axillary, trichotomously branched; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminated, tapering to the base, pale beneath, glabrous. h.S. 
Native of the Burmese empire, on mount Taong Dong. 
Oblong-leaved Linociera. Tree or shrub. 
12 L. rrRwirLORA (Wall. cat. no. 2845.) leaves oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acuminated, glabrous: having the veins converging at 
top: acumen obtuse; peduncles racemose, branched, lateral, 
and axillary: with 3-flowered branches. h.S. Native of the 
Burmese empire, on the banks of the Saluen river. 
Tern-flowered Linociera. "Tree or shrub. 
13 L. corixiFóri4 (Vahl, enum. 1. p. 47.) racemes sub-com- 
pound ; peduncles 3-flowered ; flowers pedicellate ; leaves vil- 
lous beneath. h. S. Native of Ceylon. Chiondnthus coti- 
nifolia, Willd. spec. 1. p. 47.  Chionánthus Zeylánica, Lam. 
ill. 1. p. 30. t. 9. f. 2. Houtt. syst. 1. p. 204. t. 5. f. 1. Very 
nearly allied to Z. latifolia. Flowers reddish. 
Cotinus-leaved Linociera. Clt. 1818. Tree. 
14 L. purrv'rea (Vahl, enum. 1. p. 47.) racemes axillary, 
usually compound; peduncles 3-flowered, drooping ; bracteas 
ovate; petals channelled ; leaves obovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 
tapering at both ends, and are, as well as the calyxes, gla- 
brous. h.S. Native of Ceylon. Chionanthus purpurea, Lam. 
Chionánthus Zeylanica, Lin. fl. zeyl. no. 14. spec. 11. exclusive 
of the synonymes. Roxb. fl. ind. 1. p. 107. Thouinia nutans, 
Lin. suppl. 89.—Pluk. alm. t. 241. f. 4.—Burm. zeyl. 31. 
Branches covered with elevated black dots. Leaves 14-2 inches 
long, a little attenuated at the base, with a short acute acumen. 
Petals shorter than in the rest, purplish. 
Purple-flowered Linociera. ‘Tree. 
15 L.? rra'vicaws (Willem. herb. maur. p. 3. Vahl, enum. 1. 
p. 47.) panicles axillary ; petals ovate; leaves obovate, retuse. 
h.S. Native of the Mauritius. Thouinia flávicans, Willemet. 
Pedicels thickened at top, furnished with 2 minute bracteas at 
the forks. Calycine segments triangular. Corolla coriaceous, 
yellow. Petals erect, concave. 
Yellowish-flowered Linociera. Shrub. 
Cult. See Notele‘a for culture and propagation, p. 52. 
Tribe V. 
FRAXINIE/E. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4-parted, or 
wanting. Corolla of 4 petals, 4-parted, or wanting. Stamens 
2, short; anthers dehiscing externally. Stigma nearly sessile, 
bifid. Fruit a 2-celled, compressed samara, winged at the top, 
usually 1-seeded. : 
XIV. FRA'XINUS (from pasow, phrasso, to hedge or en- 
close; the ash was formerly used for forming hedges). Tourn. inst. 
XIV. Fraxinus. 53 
343. Lin. gen. no. 1160. Mich. gen. 107. Juss. gen. 105. 
Schkuhr, handb. t. 375. Lam. ill. t. 858. Gaertn. fruct. 1. t. 49. 
Lin. syst. Polygàmia, Dioécia. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 
none, or 4-parted or 4-toothed. Corolla none. Stamens 2, in 
the male flowers. Anthers sessile or on short filaments, dehiscing 
outwardly. Female flowers the same, except that they have 
no stamens. Stigma bifid. Fruit or samara 2-celled, com- 
pressed, winged at top; cells 1-seeded.—Trees with opposite, 
unequally pinnate, rarely simple leaves; and lateral racemes of 
greenish-yellow flowers. 
* Flowers naked. 
1 F. excr’tsior (Lin. spec. p. 1509.) leaflets almost sessile, 
lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, serrated, cuneated at the base; 
flowers naked ; samara obliquely emarginate at the apex. h. 
H. Native of Europe. Willd. spec. 4. p. 1099. Fl. dan. 
969. Smith, engl. bot. 1692. Svensk, bot. 175. F. apétala, 
Lam. fl. fr. Lam. ill. 858. f. I. F. rostrata, Guss. pl. rar. p. 
374.—Blackw. t. 328.—Dodon, penph. 771.—Lob. icon. 2. t. 
107.f. 2. F. órnus, Scop. carn. no. 1249. F. apétala, Lam. fl. 
fr. F. eròsa, Pers. F.críspa, Bosc. The leaves have generally 
5 pairs of leaflets, from 4 to 6. The flowers are produced in 
loose spikes, from the sides of the branches. There are not only 
female flowers, and hermaphrodite ones, but also male ones. 
The Ash, in German and Dutch, is called Esche or Asche; in 
Danish and Swedish, 4sk; in French, Le Frene; in Italian, 
Frassino; in Spanish, Fresno; in Portuguese, Freixo; in Rus- 
sian, Jas, Jasen, or Jassen. The English name is from the 
Saxon Æsa. Ray says it has its name from the colour of the 
bark. Its usual time of flowering is March and April; of leafing, 
from April 22d to May 15th. The timber of the ash is next in 
value to the oak, and in some places equal to it: it is hard and 
tough, and of excellent use to the coachmaker, wheelwright, 
and cartwright, for ploughs, axle-trees, fellies, harrows, and 
many other implements of husbandry; for ladders, oars, 
blocks for pulleys, &c. Anciently it was in great request for 
spears. Being not apt to split and scale, it is excellent 
for tenons and mortises; also for the cooper, turner, and 
thatcher. Nothing is like it for palisade-hedges, hop-yards, 
poles and spars, handles and stocks for tools, &c. When 
curiously veined, the cabinet-makers use it, and call it green 
Ebony. Of all timber it is the sweetest fuel. If a wood 
of ash-trees be managed well, it will turn greatly to the ad- 
vantage of its owner; the underwood will be fit to cut every 
seven or eight years for hoops, or every 14 years for hop- 
poles, &c. and still there will be a stock preserved for tim- 
ber. The best season for felling the ash is from November to 
February; but, for lopping pollards, the spring is preferable for 
all soft woods. The ashes of the wood afford a very good potash. 
The bark is used for tanning cat-skin and nets. In the north of 
Lancashire they lop the ash, to feed the cattle; in autumn, when 
the grass is upon the decline. The leaves have been gathered to 
mix with tea. An infusion of them is an aperient; and a decoc- 
tion of 2 drachms of the bark, or 6 of the leaves, has been used 
in the cure of agues. If cows eat the leaves or shoots, the 
butter from their milk is said to be rank ; but this is doubtful, 
for there is no taste in ash-leaves to countenance the assertion, 
and this is the next tree, after the elm, which the Romans 
recommended for fodder. The ash is, however, a very im- 
proper tree for hedge rows, and the borders of arable land; the 
drip of it is very unfavourable to all other vegetable productions; 
it exhausts the soil much, and the roots spread widely near the 
surface, so that. it injures the hedge, and impoverishes the 
crop sown near it. 
Though the ash be a handsome tree, it should not by any 
means be planted for protection or ornament, because the leaves 
