56 
23 F. rusicu’npa (Bosc. l. c.) leaves with 3 pairs of coria- 
ceous leaflets, rather tomentose beneath ; leaflets oblong, acute, 
a little toothed: having the veins and petioles reddish beneath ; 
buds and branchlets grey. b. H. Native of North America. 
Reddish-veined Ash-tree. Fl. May. Clt. 1824. Tree. 
24 F. roxcirüL1A (Bosc. l. c.) leaves with 3 pairs of leaflets, 
shining above, but tomentose beneath and on the petioles; leaf- 
lets oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, a little toothed ; branches 
hairy. 5. H. Native of North America. 
Long-leaved Ash-tree. Fl. May. Clt. 1824. Tr. 30 to 40 ft. 
25 F. viripis (Bose. l. c.) leaves with 3 pairs of leaflets, 
shining above, but the veins are downy beneath ; leaflets oblong, 
acute, sharply and unequally serrated; branches green. ^. H. 
Native of North America. 
Green Ash-tree. Fl. May. Clt. 1824. Tree. 
26 F.cixE'REA (Bose. 1. c.) leaves with 3 pairs of glabrous 
leaflets, but the veins are rather pilose beneath ; leaflets lanceo- 
late, unequally toothed; buds linear, grey, pilose. hk. H. 
Native of North America. 
Grey Ash-tree. Fl. May. Clt. 1824. Tree. 
27 F. A'rBa (Bose. l. c.) leaves with 3 pairs of leaflets, hairy 
beneath, and on the petioles; leaflets lanceolate, unequally and 
sharply toothed, acuminated; branches grey. kh. H. Native 
of North America. 
White Ash-tree. Fl. April, May. Clt. 1823. "Tree. 
28 F. Ricua'npr (Bose. |. c.) leaves with 3 pairs of glabrous 
leaflets: but the veins are rather pilose beneath ; leaflets oblong, 
acute, toothed ; branches cinereous, pilose at the base. h.H. 
Native of North America. 
Richard's Ash-tree. Fl. April, May. Clt.? Tree. 
29 F.ova'rA (Bosc. l. c.) leaves with 3 pairs of leaflets, 
pilose beneath; leaflets ovate, acute, equally toothed; buds 
fulvous. h.H. Native of North America. 
Ovate-leaved Ash-tree. Fl. April, May. Clt.? Tree. 
30 F. nicra (Bose. l. c.) leaves with 3 pairs of glabrous 
leaflets; leaflets oblong, acuminated, somewhat sinuately toothed; 
branches blackish. p. H. Native of North America. 
Black Ash-tree. Fl. April, May. Clt. 1825. Tree. 
31 F. extiprica (Bosc. l. c.) leaves with 3 pairs of leaflets, 
pilose beneath; leaflets oblong, mucronate, a little toothed ; 
buds fulvous; branches brownish black. h. H. Native of 
North America. 
Elliptic-leaved Ash-tree. Fl. April, May. Clt. 1824. Tree. 
32 F. rv'sca (Bosc. l. c.) leaves with 3 pairs of leaflets, 
glabrous above, but the veins are villous beneath; leaflets ob- 
long, mucronate, unequally toothed; branches brown. kh. H. 
Native of North America. 
Brown-branched Ash-tree. Fl. April, May. Clt. 1823. Tr. 
83 F. nv'rA (Bose. l. c.) leaves with 2 pairs of leaflets, beset 
with rufous pili beneath ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminated, cus- 
pidate, unequally toothed. b. H. Native of North America. 
Rufous-haired Asb-tree. Fl. April, May. Clt. 1822. Tr. 
34 F. pa’tuma (Bose. l.c.) leaves with 3 pairs of glabrous 
leaflets ; leaflets almost sessile, ovate-lanceolate, toothed ; 
branches yellow. h.H. Native of North America. 
Pale-barked Ash-tree. Fl. April, May. Clt.? Tree. 
35 F. AcuuiNA'rA (Lam. dict, 2. p. 542.) leaflets petiolate, 
oblong, shining, quite entire, glaucous beneath; flowers calycu- 
late. h.H. Native from Canada to Carolina, in woods. F. 
Americana, Willd. spec. 4. p. 1102. F. cóncolor, Michx. fil. 
arb. p. 33. icon. Leaflets 7. 
Acuminated-leaved Ash. Fl. May. Clt. 1723. Tree. 
36 F. pannosa (Vent. and Bosc. l. c.) leaves with 3 pairs of 
leaflets, villously tomentose beneath; leaflets petiolate, ovate, 
quite entire, attenuated at both ends; buds fulvous; petioles 
glabrous. h.H. Native of Carolina. 
Cloth-leaved Ash. Fl. May. Clt. 1820. Tree. 
OLEINJE, XIV. Fraxinus. 
XV. Ornus. 
37 F. rriprera (Nutt. gen. amer. 2. p. 232.) leaflets obovate, 
entire, tomentose beneath, oblique at the base; samara broad, 
elliptic-obovate, mostly 3-winged, attenuated at the base, 1-seeded ; 
seed 3-sided. h. H. Native of South Carolina, in oak forests. 
Three-winged-fruited Ash-tree. ‘Tree. 
Cult. Most of the species of Fráxinus are large forest trees, 
and are generally raised in quantities from seed, which do not 
vegetate till the second spring after sowing, if kept out of the 
ground all winter ; but if sown in the autumn immediately after 
gathering, they vegetate in the following spring. Any of the 
kinds may be increased by budding or grafting on the common 
ash; and the younger the stock on which they are grafted the 
better. In grafting the species of Fráxinus, as well as other 
trees which do not readily take, it is best to graft at the side, 
allowing the top to remain until the scion is fixed and the wound 
healed, as the top, when allowed to remain, draws up the sap 
to the scion, while on the contrary, if taken off, it stagnates the 
free circulation of the sap to the graft. 
XV. ORNUS (Oren, Hebrew; opsiwn pea, oreine melia, 
from opoc, oros, a mountain, Greek ; Ornus, Latin ; the names for 
the wild ash). Pers. ench. 1. p. 8. Pursh, fl. amer. sept. 1. p. 6. 
Nutt. gen. amer. 1. p. 6.—Fraxinus species of authors. 
Lin. syst. Didndria, Monogynia, or Polygàmia, Dioécia. 
Flowers hermaphrodite, or of different sexes. Calyx 4-parted 
or 4-toothed. Corolla 4-parted ; segments long, ligulate. Sta- 
mens with long filaments. Stigma emarginate. Samara 1-celled, 
1-seeded, winged.—Trees with impari-pinnate leaves and termi- 
nal or axillary panicles of flowers. 
1 O. Evropa'a (Pers. ench. 1. p. 9. Sav. trat. ed. 2. t. 1.) 
leaves with 3-4 pairs of lanceolate or elliptic, attenuated, ser- 
rated, stalked leaflets; peduncles axillary, solitary, shorter 
than the leaves; flowers complete or hermaphrodite. h. H. 
Native of the south of Europe. Fráxinus O'rnus, Lin. spec. 
1510. Smith, fl. grec. 1. t. 4. Mill. fig. t. 1. Lam. ill. 9. 
t. 858. f. 2. Woody. med. bot. 1. p. 104. t. 36. Church et 
Stev. med. bot. 2. t. 53. F. O’rnus and F. paniculata, Mill. diet. 
no. 3. and no. 4. F. florífera, Scop. carn. no. 1250. F. bo- 
tryoides, Mor. prelud. 265. F. vulgàtior, Segu. ver. 2. p. 290. 
—Duham. arb. 4.— Bauh. hist. 1. p. 177. f. |. Young branches 
purplish or livid, with yellow dots. Buds cinereous. Leaflets , 
entire at the base, villous or downy beneath. Flowers greenish 
white. Scopoli observed hermaphrodite flowers on one tree 
and female ones on the other. Mr. Miller's F. paniculata has 
chiefly male flowers. Manna is obtained from this tree, as well 
as from O. rotundifolia. 
Manna is yielded by different trees, but principally from the 
species of O'rnus, Fráxinus, and Jüglans. The manna is 
generally of two kinds ; not on account of the intrinsic quality 
of them being different, but only because they are got in a 
different manner. In order to obtain manna, those who have 
the management of the woods of the Orni, in the months of 
July and August, when the weather is very dry and warm, 
make an oblong incision, and take off from the bark of the 
tree about 3 inches in length and 2 in breadth; they leave the 
wound open, and by degrees the manna runs out, and is almost 
suddenly thickened to its proper consistence, and is found ad- 
hering to the bark of the trees. The manna, which is collected 
in baskets, and goes under the name of Manna grassa, is putin 
a dry place, because moist and wet places will soon dissolve it 
again. This first kind of manna is often in large irregular 
pieces of a brownish colour, and is frequently full of dust and 
other impurities. But when the people want to have a very 
fine manna, they apply to the incision of the. bark thin straw, 
or bits of shrubs, so that the manna, in coming out, runs upon 
those bodies, and is collected in a sort of regular tubes, which 
give it the name of manna-canali, or manna in tubes ;. this second 
