98 
mate at the tops of the branches, coriaceous. 
in terminal corymbose panicles. Peduncles and pedicels bibrac- 
teate, twice ternate. Corollas white, or pink: with a dark eye. 
1 T. vrewENE'rLUA (Poir. l. c. Bojer. 1. c.) leaves elliptic- 
lanceolate, approximate, coriaceous, glabrous, shining: with re- 
volute, cartilaginous edges; flowers disposed in terminal, co- 
rymbose panicles. 5. S. Native of Madagascar. Cerbera 
Tanghin, Hook. bot. mag. 2968. Leaves 5-8 inches long. 
Corollas with a green tube, and pink or rose-coloured limb. 
This is the famous ordeal tree of Madagascar. 
The custom of administering Tanghin as an ordeal, in Mada- 
gascar, has become far more universal during the present reign, 
than at any former period of the Huwa government. When 
her present majesty, in the beginning of 1830, came to the reso- 
lution of cleansing her lands from sorcerers, an ordeal was com- 
manded in every town and village ; and in Tannanarivoo scarcely 
any class of inhabitants escaped. On the 9th of May, 1830, in 
compliance with the sovereign’s mandate, a notable administra- 
tion of Tanghin took place. The accused persons amounted 
to about thirty, including some of the highest rank in the 
kingdom. All the nobility recovered; while the unknown ple- 
beians, who, according to the common jugglery, had been com- 
pelled to drink with them, died. The former made the usual 
triumphant entry into the town, on the 17th, borne in open 
palanquins, amongst the shouting, dancing, and grimaces of the 
many thousands of people. In the following month, April, 
about an equal number of Malagassy ladies submitted to the 
same ordeal; but all survived, and, in due course, made a grand 
entry into town. The Tanghin is administered in private, as 
well as in public. A subject so deeply rooted in the minds of 
all the Malagassy people, from the sovereign down to the slave, 
is the belief in witchcraft; and so blindly are they led by this 
belief, that a whole nation may be considered as labouring under 
a spell, as powerful as the fascination which they attribute to the 
unfortunate sorcerers themselves. The fruit of the Tanghin is 
the part used, and is administered by means of some liquid, as 
broth, &c. 
Poison-floming Tanghinia. Fl. July. Clt. 1826. Tree 30 feet. 
2 T. Ma'xcuas; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, tapering 
downwards, approximate, shining; segments of corolla ovate, 
with an incurved, sub-retuse apex; panicle terminal, corymbose. 
h. S. Native of Singapore, and some of the adjacent islands, 
Ceylon, &c. Cérbera Mánghas, Lin. fl. zeyl. 106. Gaertn. 
fruct. 2. p. 192. t. 123-124. f. 1. Cérbera lactària, Hamilt. 
Arbor lactària, Rumph. amb. 2. p. 243. t. 81. Cérbera quaterni- 
folia, Roxb. hort. beng. 19.—Burm. zeyl. p. 150. t. 70. f. 1. 
Leaves dark green and shining above, and paler beneath, with 
capillary, sub-transverse nerves, which unite by means of a sub- 
marginal vein. Panicle large, open, with articulated dichoto- 
mous or trichotomous branches. Flowers white, by threes, 
scentless. Calycine segments lanceolate. Scales in the mouth 
of the corolla villous, pink-coloured. ^ Drupe ovate-oblong, 
sometimes twin. The seeds in this and the following are said to 
be exalbuminous. 
Manghas Tanghinia. Fl.July, Sept. Clt. 1800. Tree 20 ft. 
3 T. Onpórraw; leaves lanceolate, approximate, shining ; 
corymbs terminal; calycine segments linear, revolute; seg- 
ments of corolla sub-falcate. |. S. Native of various parts of 
India, on the shores, in salt swamps. Cerbera Odóllam, Gaertn. 
fruct. 2. p. 193. t. 124. Cérbera Mánghas, Sims, bot. mag. 
1845. Odoóllam, Rheed. mal. 1. p. 71. t. 39. Wood remark- 
ably spongy, and white. | Flowers large, white, fragrant. 
Stigma large and conical, 2-cleft at apex, resting in a saucer- 
shaped receptacle, the circumference fluted with 10 grooves. 
Odollam Tanghinia. Fl. July, Sept. Clt. 1756. Tree 20 feet. 
4 T. LAURIFÓLIA ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, attenuated at the 
Flowers disposed 
APOCYNEZ. XLI. TawcuiN1A. 
XLII. Ravworria. 
base, coriaceous, quite entire, glabrous, with dense parallel 
nerves. b. S. Native of the East Indies. Cérbera lauri- 
folia, Lodd. bot. cab. 989. Flowers white. 
Laurel-leaved 'Tanghinia. Fl. May, Sept. Clt.1818. Shrub. 
Cult. For culture and propagation see T'aberncemontàna, p. 92. 
XLII. RAUWO'LFIA (so named by Plumier, in honour of 
Leonhard Rauwolf, physician at Augsburg, who travelled in 
France and Italy, 1560— 1563 ; and through Palestine and other 
countries, in 1573—1575. His travels were published in Ger- 
man, in 1582 and 1583, and were translated into English by 
Nich. Staphorst, under the revision of Mr. Ray, with additions by 
him, John Fred. Gronovius published a catalogue of the plants 
which Rauwolf found in his travels to the East in 1775, under 
the title of Flora Orientalis, Lugdb. oct. He died in 1596.) 
Plum. gen. 40. Lin. gen. no. 293. Juss. gen. 148. Gaertn. 
fruct. t. 52. Jacq. amer. 47. Roxb. fl. ind. 2. p. 543. 
Blum. bijdr. 1033, but not of Ruiz. et Pav. 
Lin. syst.  Pentándria, Monogynia. Calyx 5-parted, per- 
manent. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a bearded throat, a short 
tube, and a twisted, 5-lobed limb; segments unequal-sided. 
Stamens 5, inclosed, or a little exserted ; anthers free, ovate- 
cordate. Ovaria 2, combined, girded by a hypogynous ring; 2- 
celled, bi-ovulate. Style didymous. Stigma sub-capitate, or 
peltate, emarginate. Drupe didymous, globose, containing 2 
1-celled, 1-seeded nuts, or a 2-celled one; cells divided into 2 
chambers, Seeds reflexedly conduplicate below, attached to 
the dissepiment, which is incomplete, and is perhaps a dilated 
placenta. Embryo uncinately recurved at the base, with a su- 
perior radicle. Albumen fleshy, conforming to the seed.— 
Lactescent shrubs, or small trees; with verticillate leaves; and 
interpetiolar corymbs of small flowers. Petioles furnished 
with subulate glands inside. 
* Species natives of South America. 
1 R. psycnotrroipes (H. B. et Kunth, nov. gen. amer. 3. p. 
231.) leaves 4 in a whorl, elliptic-oblong, acuminated, glabrous, 
2 of which are much smaller than the other 2, having the middle 
rib ciliated towards the base; corymbs on long peduncles. 
h. S. Native of the Spanish Main, in shady places, near 
Cumana. R. viridis, Willd. herb, ex Roem. et Schultes, syst. 4. 
p. 805. Leaves membranous, shining above, but paler beneath, 
4 or 44 inches long. Bracteas lanceolate-linear. Corymbs 
small.  Corollas white, downy outside. Calycine segments 
ovate, acute. Segments of corolla dimidiately oblong, obtuse. 
Perhaps the same as R. nitida. 
Psychotria-like Rauwolfia. Tree 10 to 15 feet. 
2 R. rerniroura (H. B. et Kunth, l. c. p. 232.) leaves 3 in a 
whorl, oblong, acuminated, glabrous ; peduncles few-flowered, 
sub-corymbose. k.S. Native of New Spain, on the banks of 
the river Magdalena, near Monpox. Hook. bot. mag. 2440. R. 
ligustrina, Willd. herb. no. 5097. Roem. et Schultes, syst. 4. p. 
805. Leaves membranous, 2-4 inches long. Flowers like the 
preceding. Calycine segments ovate-lanceolate. 
Three-leaved Rauwolfia. Fl. May. Clt. 1823. Shrub. 
3 R. nitrpa (Jacq. amer. p. 47. Lin. spec. 303.) leaves 3 and 
4 in a whorl, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminated, quite glabrous, 
shining, baving the midrib rather villous beneath ; corymbs few- 
flowered. h.S. Native of South America, and St. Domingo, 
in woods. Lam. ill t. 172. f. 1. Lodd: bot. cab. 339. R. 
viridis, Herb. Willd. R. heterophylla, Willd. herb. ex Roem. et 
Schultes, syst. 4. p. 805.—Plum. gen. 19. icon. 236. f. 1. 
Leaves approximate, unequal in size, 3 inches long, and one 
broad. Calycine teeth acute. Corolias white. Petals ciliated, 
with thick conical pili. Fruit at first yellowish, afterwards dark 
purple. 
