462 
leaves. Corolla hardly an inch long; segments of the limb 
spreading or reflexed. The specimens collected by Dr. Gillies 
have no stem; while the plant figured by Link and Otto has a 
stem 4-5 inches long, from which both the leaves and flowers 
have their origin; but in Gillies’s specimens the leaves and 
flowers spring at once from the root. 
Runcinate-leaved Jaborosa. Pl. 4 to 4 foot. 
Cult. For culture and propagation see Netoúxia, p. 454. 
Truss II. Nicoria‘nez. Limb of corolla plicate in æstiva- 
tion. Stamens equal in number to the segments of the corolla. 
Fruit capsular, 2-celled. Calyx and corolla 5-cleft. 
XVI. NICOTIA'NA (this genus takes its name of Jean 
Nicot, of Nismes in Languedoc, agent from the king of France 
to Portugal, who procured the seeds from a Dutchman, who had 
brought them from Florida, and sent them to France.) Tourn. 
inst. l. p. 117. t. 4l. Lin. gen. no. 248. Schreb. gen. no. 
334. Juss. gen. 125. ed. Usteri, 139. Vent. tabl. 2. p. 369. 
St. Hil. fam. nat. 1. p. 286. t. 46. Lam. ill. 2. p. 6. t. 113. 
Schkuhr, handb. 1. p. 141. t. 44. Gaertn. fruct. 1. p. 264. no. 
331. t. 55. f. 11. Lehm. nicot. p. 12. H. B. et Kunth, nov. 
gen. 3. p. 1.—Tabacus, Moench, meth. p. 448. 
Lin. syst. Pentdndria, Monogynia. Calyx 5-cleft. Co- 
rolla funnel-shaped or salver-shaped ; limb 5-lobed, plicate, 
spreading. Stamens 5, length of the tube of the corolla. An- 
thers dehiscing lengthwise. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, 
covered by the permanent calyx, 2-valved ; valves bipartite, 
therefore the capsule opens by 4 parts at the apex ; placentas free, 
distant from the dissepiment. Seeds very numerous, minute,— 
Usually herbs, rarely subshrubs, generally clothed with clammy 
bairs or down. Flowers terminal, racemose or panicled, white, 
greenish or purplish. 
Sect. I. Ta’sacum (the name Tobacco, which has superseded 
all others, is the appellation of a district in Mexico.) Leaves 
large. Flowers funnel-shaped, red; limb of corolla spreading, 
acuminated or acute; throat inflately ventricose.—Plants clothed 
with clammy down. Flowers disposed in short, many-flowered 
mm. the whole constituting terminal subcorymbose pani- 
cles. 
1 N. Ta’sacum (Lin. spec. 258.) herbaceous ; leaves sessile, 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminated : lower ones decurrent ; throat of 
corolla inflately ventricose ; segments of the limb acuminated. 
©. H. Native of America. Desf. fl. atl. 1. p. 109.  Pursh, fl. 1. 
p. 141. Ruiz. et Pav. fl. per. 2. p. 15. Lam. ill. t. 113. Woodv. 
med. bot. p. 162. t. 69. Stev. et Church. med. bot. 1. t. 37. 
N. Havanénsis, Lag. elench. pl. hort. reg. madr. 1796.— Bull. 
herb. 3. t. 285.—Blackw. 1. t. 146.—Sabb. hort. rom. 1. t. 89. 
—Regn. bot. 1. t. 31. Plant downy, clammy. Leaves half stem- 
clasping. Calyx oblong, with lanceolate, acute, unequal seg- 
ments. Corolla downy outside; limb rose-coloured. Capsule 
length of calyx, or a little longer. 
The Spaniards are said to have first become acquainted with 
tobacco in the West Indies. It early attracted the notice of the 
English settlers in Virginia, especially after the founding of 
James Town in 1607. Shortly after this, it appears that tobacco 
was introduced in lieu of specie, as the tavern-keepers were 
compelled to exchange a dinner for a few pounds of tobacco; 
and government officers were paid in the same commodity.— 
Tatham, p. 180. 
The species of Nicotiana, principally grown as tobacco, are 
N. Tábacum, N. macrophilla, and Ñ. rústica. The two first are, 
1 
SOLANACEZX. XV. Jasorosa. 
XVI. Nicotiana. 
however, generally preferred. The popular narcotic which it 
furnishes is probably in more extensive use than any other, and 
its only rival is the betel of the east. According to Linneeus, 
tobacco was known in Europe from 1560, being brought by the 
Spaniards from America, and was cultivated at Lisbon in the 
same year. It was brought to England from Tobago, in the 
West Indies, or from Tobasco, in Mexico (and hence the name), 
by Sir Ralph Lane, in 1586, but only the herb for smoking. 
Afterwards, according to Hakluyt, seeds were introduced from 
the same quarter. Sir Walter Raleigh first introduced smoking : 
in the house in which he lived at Islington were his arms, on a 
shield, with a tobacco plant on the top. Smoking has, conse- 
quently, been common in Europe for upwards of two centuries. 
Pallas, Rumphius, and Loureiro, are of opinion, that in China 
the use of tobacco is more ancient than the discovery of the new 
world. 
Tobacco, from being the solace only of the Red Indians of 
America, has become one of the luxuries of the rich, and almost 
a necessary of life for the poorer inhabitants of a great portion 
of the globe. The Hindoo, slow to adopt strange customs, has 
been caught with the general infection, though some religiously 
abstain from its use: their nobles, as well as their women, may be 
seen inhaling it in the midst of perfumed essences ; while the 
labouring bearer, and hard-working boatmen, seem to derive 
fresh vigour from their ever-in-hand hooqqas: the mountaineer, 
finding it inconvenient to carry such an apparatus over his 
rugged roads, makes a hole in the ground, through which he 
smokes. “ Tobacco, as used by man,” says Du Tour (Nouveau 
cours d'Agriculture, &c.) ‘ gives pleasure to the savage and the 
philosopher, to the inhabitant of the burning desert and the 
frozen zone. In short, its use, either in powder, to chew, or to 
smoke, is universal; and for no other reason than a sort of con- 
vulsive motion (sneezing) produced by the first, and a degree of 
intoxication by the two last modes of usage. A hundred vo- 
lumes," he adds, ** have been written against it, of which a Ger- 
man has preserved the titles. Among those books is that of 
James Stuart, king of England, who violently opposed its intro- 
duction. The grand duke of Moscow forbade its entrance into 
his territory under pain of the knout for the first offence, and 
death for the next. The emperor of the Turks, the king of Per- 
sia, and Pope Urban VIII., issued similar prohibitions, all of which 
were as ridiculous as those which attended the introduction of 
coffee or jesuits’ bark. At present, all the sovereigns of Eu- 
rope, and most of those of other parts of the world, derive a 
considerable part of their revenue from tobacco." 
Tobacco is cultivated in Europe as far north as Sweden; and 
is also grown in China, Japan, and other eastern countries, The 
sort preferred is N. T'ábacum, which is an elegant plant, grown 
also in gardens as a border flower. N. rústica, the fausse tabac 
of the French, Bauern taback of the Germans, and Tabacca 
'eimarosa of the Spanish, is also frequently cultivated, especially 
in Europe, it being considered hardier than the Virginian sort. 
Parkinson says he has known Sir Walter Raleigh, when prisoner 
in the Tower, prefer it to make good tobacco, ** which he knew 
so rightly to cure." Tobacco has been successfully cultivated 
and cured in this country ; but its growth is prohibited to en- 
courage our commerce with America. It is now only grown as 
a curiosity, or for border flowers, or by gardeners for the de- 
struction of insects. In Germany, and other northern coun- 
tries, most families who have gardens grow enough of N. rás- 
tica for their own use; but as they do not know how to cure it, 
it is not much valued, and is never made into chewing tobacco. 
The cultivation of tobacco for commerce is chiefly carried on in 
Virginia, Maryland, &c., or almost from 35° to 40° north latitude. 
The other places of America celebrated for tobacco are Cuba, 
Vera Cruz, and Cumana ; but in these places it is always grown 
