x OUTLINES OF 



scales, in which case they do not appear to perform any particular function. The 

 name of scales is also given to any small broad scale-like appendages or reduced 

 organs, whether in the flower or any other part of the plant. 



60. Bracts {Bractece) are the upper leaves of a plant in flower (either all those ot 

 the flowering branches, or only one or two immediately under the flower), when dif- 

 ferent from the stem-leaves in size, shape, colour, or arrangement. They are generally 

 much smaller and more sessile. They often partake of the colour of the flower, 

 although they very frequently also retain the green colour of the leaves. When small 

 they are often called scales. 



61. Floral leaves or leafy bracts are generally the lower bracts or the upper leaves 

 at the base of the flowering branches, intermediate in size, shape, or arrangement, 

 between the stem-leaves and the upper bracts. 



62. Bracteoles are the one or two last bracts under each flower, when they differ 

 materially in size, shape, or arrangement from the other bracts. 



63. Stipules are leaf-like or scale-like appendages at the base of the leaf-stalk, or on 

 the node of the stem. When present there are generally two, one on each side of the 

 leaf, and they sometimes appear to protect the young leaf before it is developed. 

 They are however exceedingly variable in size and appearance, sometimes exactly like 

 the true leaves except that they have no buds in their axils, or looking like the leaflets 

 of a compound leaf, sometimes apparently the only leaves of the plant ; generally 

 small and narrow, sometimes reduced to minute scales, spots, or scars, sometimes 

 united into one opposite the leaf, or more or less united with, or adnate to the pe- 

 tiole, or quite detached from the leaf, and forming a ring or sheath round the stem in 

 the axil of the leaf. In a great number of plants they are entirely wanting. 



64. Slipella, or secondary stipules, are similar organs, sometimes found on com- 

 pound leaves at the points where the leaflets are inserted. 



65. When scales, bracts, or stipules, or almost any part of the plant besides leaves 

 and flowers are stalked, they are said to be stipitate, from stipes, a stalk. 



§ 7. Inflorescence and its Bracts. 



66. The Inflorescence of a plant is the arrangement of the flowering branches, 

 and of the flowers upon them. An Inflorescence is a flowering branch, or the flower- 

 ing summit of a plant above the last stem-leaves, with its branches, bracts, and 

 flowers. 



67. A single flower, or an inflorescence, is terminal when at the summit of a stem 

 or leafy branch, axillary when in the axil of a stem-leaf, leaf-opposed when opposite 

 to a stem-leaf. The inflorescence of a plant is said to be terminal or determinate when 

 the main stem and principal branches end in a flower or inflorescence (not in a leaf- 

 bud), axillary or indeterminate when all the flowers or inflorescences are axillary, the 

 stem or branches ending in leaf-buds. 



68. A Peduncle is the stalk of a solitary flower, or of an inflorescence ; that is to 

 say, the portion of the flowering branch from the last stem-leaf to the flower, or to the 

 first ramification of the inflorescence, or even up to its last ramifications ; but the por- 

 tion extending from the first to the last ramifications or the axis of inflorescence is 

 often distinguished under the name of rhachis. 



69. A Scape or radical Peduncle is a leafless peduncle proceeding from the stock, 

 or from near the base of the stem, or apparently from the root itself. 



£?" *;J >edtcel is th e last branch of an inflorescence, supporting a single flower, 

 zoo he . ^ m " ches of inflorescence may be, like those of stems, opposite, alternate, 

 etc. (32, 33), but very often their arrangement is different from that of the leafy 

 branches of the same plant. 



72. Inflorescence is 



centrifugal, when the terminal flower opens first, and those on the lateral branches 

 are successively developed. 



centripetal, when the lowest flowers open first, and the main stem continues to 

 elongate, developing fresh flowers. 



73. Determinate inflorescence is usually centrifugal. Indeterminate inflorescence is 



