XX OUTLINES OP 



144. An epigynous disk is a name given either to the thickened summit of the ovary 

 in epigynous flowers, *ar very rarely to a real disk or enlargement of the receptacle 

 closing over the ovary. 



145. In the relative (position of any two or more parts of the flower, whether in the 

 same or in different whorls, they are 



connivent, when nearer together at the summit than at the base. 



divergent, when further apart at the summit than at the base. 



coherent, when united together, but so slightly that they can be separated with 

 little or no laceration ; and one of the two coherent parts (usually the smallest or least 

 important) is said to be adherent to the other. Grammatically speaking, these two 

 terms convey nearly the same meaning, but require a different form of phrase ; prac- 

 tically however it has been found more convenient to restrict cohesion to the union of 

 parts of the same whorl, and adhesion to the union of parts of different whorls. 



connate, when so closely united that they cannot be separated without laceration. 

 Each of the two connate parts, and especially that one which is considered the smaller 

 or of the least importance, is said to be adnate to the other. 



free, when neither coherent nor connate. 



distinct is also used in the same sense, but is also applied to parts distinctly visible 

 or distinctly limited. 



§ 13. The Fruit. 



146. The Fruit (15) consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the flower 

 are persistent (i. e. persist at the time the seed is ripe), usually enlarged, and more or 

 less altered in shape and consistence. It encloses or covers the seed or seeds till the 

 period of maturity, when it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to the ground 

 with the seed. When stalked, its stalk has been termed a carpophore. 



147. Fruits are, in elementary works, said to be simple when the result of a single 

 flower, compound when they proceed from several flowers closely packed or combined 

 in a head. But as a fruit resulting from a single flower, with several distinct carpels, 

 is compound in the sense in which that term is applied to the ovary, the terms single 

 and aggregate, proposed for the fruit resulting from one or several flowers, may be 

 wore appropriately adopted. In descriptive botany a fruit is always supposed to re- 

 sult from a single flower unless the contrary be stated. It may, like the pistil, be syn- 

 carpous or apocarpous (125) ; and as in many cases carpels united in the flower may 

 become separate as they ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result from a syncarpous 

 pistil. 



148. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate fruits, but 

 very seldom so in single ones. 



149. The receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent ; if when ripe » 

 falls off with the fruit, it is considered as forming part of it. 



150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists and form* 

 part of the fruit ; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers or the calyx of perigj' 

 nous flowers, either persists entirely at the top of or round the fruit, or the lobes alone 

 fall off, or the lobes fall off with whatever part of the calyx is above the insertion of 

 the petals, or the whole of what is free from the ovary falls off, including the disk bear- 

 ing the petals. The calyx of hypogynous flowers usually falls off entirely or persist* 

 entirely. In general a calyx is called deciduous if any part falls off. When it persist* 

 it is either enlarged round or under the fruit, or it withers and dries up. 



151. The corolla usually falls off entirely; when it persists it is usually withered 

 and dry (marcescent) , or very seldom enlarges round the fruit. 



152. The stamens either fall off, or more or less of their filaments persists, usually 

 withered and dry. 



153. The style sometimes falls off or dries up and disappears ; sometimes persist 

 forming a point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing or other appendag f 

 to the fruit. 



154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary, and whatever ad- 

 heres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, exclusive also of the persist*"' 



