ELEMENTARY BOTANY. XXi 



receptacle, or of whatever portion of the calyx persists round the ovary without adhe- 

 ring to it. J 



155. Fruits have often external appendages called wings (alae), beaks, crests, awns, 

 etc., according to their appearance. They are either formed by persistent parts of the 

 flower more or less altered, or grow out of the ovary or the persistent part of the 

 ca yx. If the appendage be a ring of hairs or scales round the top of the fruit, it is 

 called a pappus. 



156. Fruits are generally divided into succulent (including fleshy, pulpy, and juicy 

 iruits) and dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity to let out the seeds, 

 indehiscent when they do not open spontaneously but fall off with the seeds. Succu- 

 lent Jruits are usually indehiscent. 



157. The principal kinds of succulent fruits are 



the Berry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, with 

 the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the JSpicarp. The seeds themselves are 

 usually immersed in the pulp ; but in some berries, the seeds are separated from the 

 pulp by the walls of the cavity or cells of the ovary, which form as it were a tbin inner 

 skin or rind, called the Endocarp. 



the Drupe, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of two distinct portions, an 

 outer succulent one called the Sarcocarp, or Mesocarp (covered like the berry by a 

 8 in or epicarp), and an inner dry endocarp called the Putamen, which is either car- 

 uagwous (of the consistence of parchment) or hard and woody. In the latter case 

 ] t is commonly a stone, and the drupe a stone-fruit. When the putamen consists of 

 several distinct stones or nuts, each enclosing a seed, they are called pyrenes, or some- 



158 The principal kinds of dry fruits are 



1 t S apml . e or Pod* which is dehiscent. When ripe the pericarp usually splits 

 OTgitudinally into as many or twice as many pieces, called valves, as it contains cells 

 J placentas. If these valves separate at the line of junction of the carpels, that is, 

 2SST line ° f tlie P lacentas or dissepiments, either splitting them or leaving them 

 tw *k t0 the axis ' the dehiscence is termed septicidal; if the valves separate be- 

 ^een the placentas or dissepiment, the dehiscence is loculicidal, and the valves either 

 the' • placeutas or dissepiments along their middle line, or leave them attached to 

 mo aX18 'i Sometimes al so the capsule discharges its seeds by slits, chinks, or pores, 

 a hor'° r i r ? gularl J r ar ranged, or bursts irregularly, or separates into two parts by 



2T*r ^ De ' * n ** le ^ at * er case '* * 8 sa id to be circumsciss. 

 the n • ut . or 4-chene, which is indehiscent and contains but a single seed. When 

 its lohlT !? i8 tIlin in P ro P orti on to the seed it encloses, the whole fruit (or each of 

 If th • the a PP eara nce of a single seed, and is so called in popular language, 

 a n „f P vf lcar P is thin and rather loose, it is often called a Utricle. A Samara is 



159 Ten* WiDg at it8 u PP er end - 



as man r™ tne car P el8 of the ovary are distinct (125) they may severally become 

 more * **"»** berries, drupes, capsules, or achenes. Separate carpels are usually 

 edg e8 ",, leS8 compressed laterally, with more or less prominent inner and outer 

 follic/T- mtures > and > if dehiscent, the carpel usually opens at these sutures. A 

 are un iJ 8 ] * car P el opening at the inner suture only. In some cases where the carpels 

 one-seedrf "* th ° ° Vary the y wil1 separate when ripe ; they are then called Cocci if 



160 Tl 

 w hich w llK PeCUliar fruits of 80me of the large Orders have received special names, 

 f eri6 th m . be explained under each Order. Such are the siliqua and siliculeoi Cruci- 

 bitace* j£ 9ume of Leguminosse, the pome of Pyrus and its allies, the pepo of Cueur- 

 > «e cone of Coniferse, the grain or caryopsis of Graminere, etc. 



§ 14. The Seed. 



^Ued'tW 6 *- 866 * 1 is eDcl osed in the pericarp in the great majority of flowering plants, 

 •erefore Angiosperms, or angiospermous plants. In Conifera and a very tew 



*^n*a^ descriptions, pod is more frequently nsed when it is Ion* and narrow; captniU, or 

 P°«m, when it is short and thick or broad. 



c 2 



