Carissa. | LXXXIV. APOCYNACES (STAPF). 89 
hairy tip. Fruit baccate, globose to oblong. Seeds usually 1-4, rarely 
more, peltate, plano-convex; hilum central; endosperm horny; cotyledons 
ovate ; radicle superior.— Much branched, straggling and usually very 
spinous shrubs or small trees, rarely climbing ; spines opposite, simple, 
rarely forked, often very stout. Leaves coriaceous, very variable on 
the same individual ; axillary stipules 0; axillary glands very minute 
and few, or 0. Inflorescence often umbelliform, or corymbiform, and 
much-contracted, terminal or pseudo-axillary, rarely cymose, lax and 
few-flowered ; flowers subsessile, white or tinged with pink. Berries 
often edible. 
About 18 species, in the tropics of the Old World, extratropical South Africa and 
Australia. 
*Evu-Carissa.—Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. 
Ovules 1-4 in each cell. Spines simple ; . 1. C. edulis. 
**ARDUINA.—Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Ovules 
1-10 in each cell. Spines bifurcate. 
Flowers pentamerous. Ovules solitary. : . 
Flowers tetramerous. Ovules in each cell 3. 
C. Arduina. 
C. tetramera. 
1. C. edulis, Vahl, Sym.i. 22. A very much branched straggling or 
climbing shrub, glabrous, or young branches with short spreading hairs 
but soon glabrescent; spines simple, straight or recurved, 1-2 in. long, 
rarely almost suppressed. Leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic or sublanceolate, 
rarely orbicular, 9-24 lin. long, 9-18 lin. broad, sometimes much smaller, 
rounded at the base or subcuneate, acute and often mucronate, rarely 
‘obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous or very soon glabrescent ; nerves 3—5, faint on 
both sides; petiole 1-14 lin. long. Calyx 14-2 lin. long; sepals lanceo- 
late, acuminate, ciliolate, glabrous or puberulous. Corolla white or 
purple, or purple turning white, glabrous or minutely hairy at the 
mouth and on the inner surface of the lobes, 6-9 (rarely 4-6) lin. long ; 
lobes ovate or oblong, acute, 1}—4 lin. long. Berry globose, purple to 
black, 1-2 in. in diam., edible. Seeds 2-4.—Delile, Cent. Pl. Afr. Caill., 
51, t. 2, fig. 1; DO. Prod. viii, 334; Hook. Niger Fl. 446; Ficalho, Pl. 
Uteis Afr. Port. 221; L. Planchon, Prod. Apocyn. 141, 286,292; Engl. 
in Engl, Jahrb. viii. 64; Hochgebirgsfl. Trop.-Afr. 340; Deflers, Voy. 
Yemen, 163: Lewin in Engl. Jahrb. xvii. Beibl. 41, 49, 50, and in 
Virchow’s Archiv. Path. Anat. u. Phys. Bd. 154, 246; Durand & 
Schinz, Etudes Fl. Congo, i. 189; K.Schum. in Engl. Jahrb. xxviii. 
453. (. dulcis, Schumach. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 146; DC. l.c. 333. 
C. pubescens, DC. lc. 334; Hook. Niger Fl. 446. (. candolleana, Jaub. 
& Spach, Ill. Fl. Or. v. t. 497. C. cornifolia, Jaub. & Spach, Le. t. 
498. C. richardiana, Jaub. & Spach, l.c. t. 496; C. Schimpert, Balf. % 
un Trans. Roy. Soc. Elin. xxxi. 157, not of A. DC.; @. sp. no. 3, Oliv. 
an Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix. 107.  Antura, Forsk. Fl. Aigypt.-Arab. 
63. A. hadiensis, G. F. Gmel. Syst.405. Arduina edulis, Spreng. Syst. 
1. 669; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. iv. ii. 127, and in 
Engl. PA. Ost-Afr. OC. 315, and in Schlechter, Westafr. Kautschuk- 
Exped. 304. Carandas edulis, Hiern in Gat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii. 
