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ELEMENTARY BOTANY. ix 



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\s«J^^''l^'- '^ ^Pi°<l^e-shaped, when tapering at both ends ; cylindrical when not 

 rapenng at either end, if in both cases the transverse section shows a circle, or 

 sometimes in-espective of the transverse shape. 



tran '^'^^' ^ • ^^^^ transverse section is not angular ; trigonous, tmqudrous, if the 

 ^iransverse section shows a triangle, irrespective in both cases of longitudinal form. 



LhI^V^^I^ ^^^°- ^^^^ °^ ^"^^^ flattened laterally ; depressed, when more or less 

 , ^iwnea vertically, or at any rate at the top ; obconwressed (in the achenes of Com- 

 **«te), when flattened from front to back, 

 and Z "'t °^J'»''^*< if at any period of their growth (usually when fully formed 



Inthn rr'^*^ • °^ *^^^^ ^^^^^y- ^^ i" *^6 "^^^ "f fr^'ts '^^^^^ a^"t« I"!?®) tliey separate, 



semrif '^^"^f ' ^"*» t^^o or more pieces placed end to end. The joints where they 



i'^rate are called articulations, each separate piece an article. The name of joint 



- espSiT?°+v. ^^^^*°®' ^^^^'^ ^°*^ *^ *'^® articulation and the article, but more 

 to tho^ !i- 1 fofiner. Some modern botanists, however, propose to restrict it 

 •- • J.^™*^^<^' g'vmg the name of joining to the articulation. 



airtymoiM, when slightly two-lobed, with rounded obtuse lobes, 

 tinf ™f' ""/?™) torulose, or beaded, when much contracted at regular intervals, but 



LT't?''^ spontaneously into articles. 

 ' ief h ^^°®^.st<^°ce Leaves or other organs are 



fniT^if/* 1?' ^'^^^ thick and soft : succulent is generally used in the same sense, but 

 ,"nplies the presence of more juice. ^ ^ 



^"- ' ^'^?^^^"*' ^^^^ fi^ni aud dry, or very touffli, of the consistence of leather. 

 -q% '^''fceous, when firm and brittle. 



■ r:^ ^^l'*^^^^^ ^^ P<tpyraccoiis, when of the consistence of paper, 

 ^:. :^^6^«'^oiw, when thin and not stiffi 



>t rath ^*^ff ^^^^^^^^' ^^^^ very thin, more or less transparent and hot green, 



uap in n^^ *^rms applied botanically to the consistence of solids are those in general 

 ,^3e^n common language. . ^ 



^eir v^* v^ ^^ which unexpanded leaves are disposed in the leaf-bud is called 

 been JI^^^^^ ^^ prcefoliation ; it varies considerably, and technical terms have 

 Hotivi^ ?P^,^^d *o express some of its varieties, but it has been hitherto rarely 

 .^oed m descriptive botany. . ■ 



h.' 





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.;;p. 



§ 6. ScaleSy Bracts^ and Stipules, 



g^eu or*^ 1 p^amce) are leaves very much reduced in size, usually sessile, seldom 

 ^hey arp^^^ ^^ performing the respiratory functions of leaves. In other words, 

 colour f ^^P^^ resembhng leaves in their position on the plant, but differing in size, 

 plants' o f ^^ ^^^ functions. They are most frequent on the stock of perennial 

 ■^heu th ^^^^ ^^ annual branches, especially on the buds of future shoots, 



Winter ^f ^tyJ^ apparently to protect the dormant living germ from the rigour of 

 or les«4 ' f^ . ^® latter case they are usually short, broad, close together, and more 

 a^anlm f '^^^''^^ *^^* ^^' overlapping each other like the tiles of a roof. It is this 

 >owe(f fr ^^ 4.^^ ^^^^ *^ ^^^^^ ^sual shape that has suggested the name of scales, hor- 

 ^arros^^l ^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^sh. Imbricated scales, bracts, or leaves, are said to be 



^^ Son^y^ their tips are pointed and very spreading or recurv^ed. 

 scales in v^u^' however, most or all the leaves of the plant are reduced to small 

 name of ,^^" ^^^® they do not appear to perform any particular function. The 

 '<>i*gan8 wwl^ ^^ ^^^^ Siven to any small broad scale-like appendages or reduced 



«0 Bra * frJ^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^r any other part of the plant, 

 iie flowp • ^ 1 (^^^^'^eo^) are the upper leaves of a plant in flower (either all those of 

 fereat I f, ^^^^^hes, or only one or two immediately under the flower), when dif- 

 ^%imior *^^„»t®»i-leaves in size, shape, colour, or arrangement. They are gene- 

 ^thouX f u ^^^^^'^ ^^d more sessile. They often partake of the colour of the flower, 

 ■ small hT. y ^^^ frequently also retain the sreen colour of the leaves. When 

 • 6 1 5f/ ^,^ ^ften called .c4a. 



** the hZ f i!"^^ ^^ ^^^/y ^^"^^« ^re generally the lower bracts or the upper leaves 

 *''*etween th i- flowering branches, intermediate in size, shape, or arrangement, 



^-ae atem-leaves and the uDoer bracts.-^ ^ ---''' * - -- 



b. ■, L^' 



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