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ELEMENTARY BOTANY 



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opposite to, or over the centre of tlie sepals ; those of the inner whorl (the inner 

 ttamens) alternate T\dth the outer ones, and are therefore opposite to the petals ii 

 there is only one whorl of stamens, they most frequently alternate with tHe petals ; 

 but sometimes they are opposite the petals and alternate with the sepals. 

 The Pistil forms the inner whorl ; its carpels usually alternate with the inner 



row of stamens. , i i / ^ + i 



91. In an axiUary or lateral flower the upper parts of each whorl (sepals petals, 

 stamens, or carpels) are those which are next to the main axis ot the stems or 

 branch, the lower parts those which are furthest from it ; the intermediate ones are 

 said to be lateral. The words anterior (front) and posterior (back) are otteu usea 

 for lower and upper respectively, but their meaning is sometimes reversed it tne 

 writer supposes himself in the centre of the flower instead of outside ot it. 



92. The number of i)arts in each whorl of a flower is expressed adjectively by tne 

 followine numerals dprivpd from the Greek : — 



mono-. 



di-, 



2-. 



tri-. 

 3-. 



tetra-, 

 4-, 



pent a-, 

 5-. 



hexa-, 

 6-. 



hepta-, 



octo-. ennea-, 

 8-, 9-, 



prefixed to a termination indicating the whorl referred to. 



93. ThxiS a PlnnpA-i* la 



deca-, etc., 

 10-, 



poly- 

 many 



^-..-^al'ous, trisepalous, tetrasepalous, polysepalous, etc., according as there are 



4, or many (or an indefinite number of) sepals. o q a,, rmnv 



dipetalous, tripetalous, pohjpetalous, etc., according as there are £, s, or many 



la. 



diandrous, triandrous, polyandrous, etc., according as there are 2, 3, or many 



.'4 



digy 



a, etc.,accordingasthereare2,3, ormanycarpeR 

 And ffeneralTv /^f symmetrical), dimerous, tri merous, poly merous etc., accoraing 



many (or an indefinite number of) parts to each whorl 

 „„„„,..,.,...•„„; ^r. ^,„-.«n,/.vrt».s. strictlv sneaking, when an 



as there are 2, 3, or 

 94. Flowers 



4. Flowers are uv symmetrical or anisomerous, strictly speaking, when any one of 

 the whorls has a different number of parts from any other ; but wn 

 le are reduced in nnmbpi- t.bp flower is still frenuently called symi 



'"e Whorls has a different number of parts from any otner ; dul ^^"^n the car i els 

 •lone are reduced in number, the flower is still frequent y called symmetrical or iso- 

 "'e-ous if the calyx, corolla, and staminal whorls have all the ^''^f^^^^'^j^^^^''; J^H ' 

 ^^95. Flowers are i;rea«/ar when the parts of any one of the whorls are une(i»al in 



.Flowers are irregular when the parts of any on 

 mssimilar in shape, or do not spread regularly 



^« It is linxrpvoT* Tv»r^Y»o ooi^ootqUv irrAornLiritV 01 



round the axis at equal dis- 

 tauces. It 



-^^wx^aona. A slidit "inequality m size or unc^uiv^i^ .« v ":'. , .v . ^^-^ 



ft prevent the flower being classed as regular, if the corolla or perianth is con- 



■liar m shape, or do not spread regularly rouna xue ^^i. -; -h , 

 . - ... is however more especially irregularity of the coroUa ^^i^^^^^^^^^^ 



>?>cnptions. A slight inequality in size or direction ^^ ,*,^^ ^^^^ V^^^^^^^^ 



^ ° 1.- „\i.__„j „„ ^....,in^ ^f fhfi corolla or perianth 13 con- 



. spicuoua and regular. 



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§ 9. The Calyx and Corolla, or Perianth. 



. -•, The Calyx (90) is usually green, and smaller than the ^""^ ; ^T'^^^^^J 

 2p^ minute, rudimentary, or wanting, sometimes very indistinctly whorled or not 

 J^Wled at all, or in two whorls, or composed of a large number of sepals, of which 

 Wie outer ones pass gradually into bracts, and the inner ones into i>etals ^ _ 



97- The CoroUa'oO) is usually coloured, and of a more delicate textu 

 ^'yx, and, in popular languacre, is often more specially meant by the , 



ture than the 

 roiia CJO) IS usually colourea, ana oi a mui>. v.^..^^.-— - 



^ . - -, ... popular language, is often more specially meant by the jhiur Its 



sly in two whorls, or inaenniie lu uui"..-', "— -; „„i.„ral 

 ^ en than in the case of the calyx, at least when the P^'-^^Vn^ " - ^S 



tif\h c ^^1'^*'' Aiitu petals, oy tne aivisiuu ui viv»..."^j i / * Vn/iim 



. Jf of supernumerary ones. Tetals -r« also sometimes very small, rudim 

 ,;: °'^t>«ly deficient. 



/»utc jioirers are in most cases an auun^cuuo-x ^^^^^.x^^^j ,„,^r»a qpnals 



^ry number of petals is multiplied by the conversion of stamens,^ sepais, 

 •rpels into petals, by the division of ordinary petals, 



on 01 stameuo, a*^^"";' 



or simply by the addi- 



, - , „ so-called ^mple perianth (15) (of which_ the parts^^are 



- ^^ed leaves or segments) is one in which the _^ 

 ^^ texture, and present apparently a single whorl. 



^a^?.^. 



sepals and petals are similar in 



But if examined m the 



half. 



tquently I 



ight 



both calyx 



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