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OUTLINES OF 



Hence much discrepancy in descriptive works. Where one botanist deso^bes a 

 simple perianth of six segments, another will speak of a double perianth ot three 



sepals and three petals. , i-n ,- rr ™ «t,^ 



yO. The following terms and prefixes, expressive of the modifications ot torm ana 



arrangement of the corolla and its petals, are equally apphcable to the calyx ana 

 its sepals, and to the simple perianth and its segments. 



100. The Corolla is said to be monopctalous when the petals are united, eitlier en- 

 tirely or at the base only, into a cup, tube, or ring ; pohipetalous when they are all 

 free from the base. These expressions, established by a long usage, are not strictly 

 correct, for wonopetalous (consistmg of a sinde petal) should apply rather to a corolla 

 really reduced to a single petal, which would then be on one side of the axis ; ana 

 polypetaloas is sometimes used more appropriately for a corolla with an indetinite 

 number of petals. Some modern botanists have therefgre proposed the term fjamo- 

 pefalous for the corolla with united petals, and dlahjpetalous for that with free 

 petals J but the old established expressions are still the most generally used. 



101. When the petals are partially united, the lower entire portion of the corolla 

 is called the tube, whatever be its shape, and the free portions of the petals are 

 called the feelk, lobes, or segments (39), according as they are short or long in propor- 

 tion to the whole length of the corolla. When the tube is excessively short, the 

 petals appear at first sight free, but their slight union at the base must be carefully 

 attended to, being of importance in classification. 



102. Tlie iEstivation of a corolla is the arrangement of the i)etals, or of sucn 

 portion of them as is free, in the unexpanded bud. It is 



vatvate, when they are strictly whorled in their whole length, their edges being 

 placed against each other without overlappTug. If the edges are much inflexed, the 

 estivation is at the same time induplicate ; involute, if the margins are rolled in^ 

 ward; rcc?wj)?icafc, if the margins project outwards into salient angles ; rtvoluf€,n 

 the margins are rolled outwards ; plicate, if the petals are folded in longitudinal plaits. 



imbricate^ when the whorl is more or less broken by some of the petals 1>emg 

 outside the others, or by their overlapping each other at least at the top.^ Five- 

 petal ed imbricate corollas are quincuncially imbricate when one petal is outside, and 

 an adjoining one wholly inside, the three others intermediate and overlapping on one 

 side ; bilabiatty when two adjoining ones are inside or outside the three others. Imbri- 

 cate petals are described as rrwm/)/ed(corr«^a;e) when puckered irregularly in the bua 



twUtcd, contorted, or convolute, when each petal overlaps an adjoining one on 

 one side, and is overlapped by the other adjoining one on the other side. Some 

 botanists include the twisted restivation in the general term imbricate; others care- 

 fully distinguish the one from the other. 



103. In a few cases the overlapping is so slight that the three osstivations cannot 

 easily be distinguished one from the other ; in a few others the aestivation is varia- 

 ble, even in the same species, but, in general, it supplies a constant character m 

 species, in genera, or even Natural Orders. 



104. In general shape the Corolla is 



tubular^ when the whole or the greater part of it is in the form of a tube or 

 cylinder. 



campanulate, when approaching in some measure the shape of a cup or bell. 

 urceolate, when the tube is swollen or nearly globular, contracted at the top, 

 d slightly expanded again in a narrow rim. 



rotate or atellate, when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally from the 



base, or nearly so, like a wheel or star. 



kypocratcrtform or salver ahnped, when the lo^er part is cylindrical and the 

 npper portion expanded horizontally. In this case the name of tube is restricted to 

 the cylindrical part, and the horizontal portion is called the limb, whether it be 

 divided to the base or not. The orifice of the tube is called its mouth or throat. ^ 



infundibidiform or funnel shaped, when the tube is cylindrical at the base, but 

 enlarged at the top into a more or less campanulate limb, of which the lobes often 

 spread horizontally. In this case the campanulate part, up to the commencement 

 of the lobes, is sometimes considered as a portion of the tube, sometimes as a por- 

 tion of the limb, and bv some botanists ai^ain described as indei)endent of eitneTj 



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