XVI 



OUTLINES OF 



triadelpTious, pentaddphoas, polyadelphous, when so united into three, five, oi 



msjxy clusters OT phalanges. ^ wi • i.-i x-u fn« 



syngenesious, when united by their anthers m a ring round the pistil, the nia- 



ments usually remaining free. . 



didynamous, when (usually in a bilabiate flower) there are four stamens m two 



pairs, those of one pair longer than those of the other. 



tetradynamousj when (in Crudferce) there are six, four of them longer than the 



two others. -j. x i. -f 



exserted, when longer than the corolla, or even when longer than its tube, u 



the limb be very spreading. 



114. An Anther (109) is " , 

 adnate, when continuous with the filament, the anther-cells appearing to lie 



their whole length along the upper part of the filament. 



innate, when firmly attached by their base to the filament. This is an adnata 

 anther when rather more distinct from the filament. 



versatile, when attached by their back to the very point of the filament, so as 



to s^'ing loosely. . - 



115. Anther-cells may he parallel or diverging at a less or greater angle ; or divor 

 ricate, when placed end to end so as to form one straight line. The end of each 

 anther-cell placed nearest to the other cell is generally called its apex or sumndt, 

 and the other end its base (36) ; but some botanists reverse the sense of these terms. 



116. Anthers have often, on their connectivum or cells, appendages termed 

 bristles (setse), spurs, cretts, points^ glands, etc , according to their appearance. 



117. Anthers have occasionally only one cell : this may take place either by the 

 disappearance of the partition between two closely contiguous cells, when these 

 cells are said to be confluent ; or by the abortion or total deficiency of one of the 

 cells, when the anther is said to be dimidiate. 



118. Anthers will open or dehisce to let out the pollen, like capsules, in valves^ 

 pores, or slits. Their dehiscence is introrse, when the opening faces the pistil ; ex- 

 trorse, when towards the circumference of the flower. 



119. Pollen (109) is not always in the form of dust. It is sometimes collected in 

 each cell into one or two little wax -like masses. Special terms used in describing 

 these masses or other modifications of the pollen will be explained under the Orders 

 where they occur, 



§ 11. The Pistil 



120. The carpels (91) of the Pistil, although they may occasionally assume, 

 rather more than stamens, the appearance and colour of leaves, are still more 

 different in shape and structure. They are usually sessile ; if stalked, their stalk 

 is called a podocarp. This stalk, upon which each separate carpel is supported 

 above the receptacle, must not be confounded with the gynolasis (143), upon which 

 the whole pistil is sometimes raised. 



121. Each carpel consists of three parts : 



1. the Ovary, or enlarged base, which includes one or more cavities or cdls, 

 containing one or more small bodies called ovules. These are the earliest condition 

 of the future seeds. 



2. the Style, proceeding from the summit of the ovary, and supporting— 



3. the Stigma, which is sometimesa point (or punctiform stigma) or small 

 head (a capitate stigma) at the top of the style or ovary, sometimes a portion of its 

 surface more or less lateral and variously shaped, distinguished by a looser texture, 

 find covered with minute protuberances called papillee, 



122. The style is often wanting, and the stigma is then sessile on the ovary, but 

 in the perfect pistil there is always at least one ovule in the ovary, and some por- 

 tion of stigmatic surface. Without these the pistil is imperfect, and said to be 

 iarren (not setting seed), abortive, or rudimentary (84), according to the degree of 

 imperfection. 



123. The ovary being the essential part of the pistil, most of the terms relating 

 to the number, arrangement, etc., of the carpels, apply specially to their ovaries. 



In some works each separate carpel is called a pistil, all those of a flower ccnsti* 



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