OUTLINES OF 



distinct is also nsed in the same sense, but is also applied to parts distinctly 



visible or distinctly limited. 



fe 



146. The Pmit (15) consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the flower 

 are persistent (i.e., persist at the time the seed is ripe), usually enlarged, and more 

 or less altered in shape and consistence. It encloses or covers the seed or seeds 

 till the period of maturity, "vrhen it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to 

 the ground with the seed. When stalked, its stalk has been termed a carpophore.' 



147. Fruits are, in elementary works, said to be simple when the result of a single 

 flower, compound when they proceed from several flowers closely packed or com- 

 bined in a head. But as a fruit resulting from a single flower, with several distinct 

 carpels, is compound in the sense in which that term is applied to the ovary, the 

 terms single and aggregate, proposed for the fruit resiilting from one or several 

 flowers, may be more appropriately adopted. In descriptive botany a fruit is always 

 supposed to result from a single flower unless the contrary be stated. It may, like 

 the pistil, be syncarpous or apocarpous (125) ; and as in many cases carpels united 

 in the flower may become separate as they ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result 



from a syncarpous pistil. - v i. 



148. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate fruits, but 



very seldom so in single ones. . • i» 



149. The receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent ; if when npe 

 . it falls off with the fruit, it is considered as forming part of it. 



150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists and 

 forms part of the fruit ; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers or the calyX 

 of perigynous flowers, either persists entirely at the top of or round the fruit, or the 

 lobes alone fall off", or the lob^s fall off M'ith whatever part of the calyx is above the 

 insertion of tlie petals, or the whole of what is free from the ovary falls off, including 

 the disk bearing the petals. The calyx of hypog^mous flowers usually falls off entirely 

 or persists entirely. In general a calyx is called deciduous if any part falls off. When 

 it persists it is either enlarged round or under the fruit, or it withers and dries up. 



151. The c(M-olla usually falls off entirely ; when it persists it is usually withered 

 and dry [marcesceTtt), or very seldom enlarges round the fruit. 



152. The stamens either fall off, or more or less of their filaments persists, usually 



withered and dry. 



153. The style sometimes falls off or dries up and disappears ; sometimes persists; 

 forming a point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing or other appendage 



to the fruit. . 



154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary, and whatever 

 adheres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, exclusive also of the 

 persistent receptacle, or of whatever portion of the calyx persists round the ovary 

 without adhering to it. 



155. Fruits have often external appendages called wings (ala?), heaks^ crests, awits^ 

 etc., according to their appearance. They are either formed by persistent parts of 

 the flower more or less altered, or grow out of the ovary or the persistent part of 

 the calyx. If the appendage be a nng of hairs or scales round the top of the fruit, 

 it is called a pappits. 



15f?. Fruits are generally divided into succulent (including ^rs^y, pulpy ^ R-nd juicy 

 fruits) and dry. They are deh^isoent when they open at maturity to let out the 

 seeds, indchiscent when they , do not open spontaneously but fall off with the seeds. 

 Succulent fruits are usually indehiscent. 



157. The principal kinds of succulent fmits are 



tiie iierry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, with 

 the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the Epicarp. The seeds themselves 

 are usually immersed in the pulp ; but in some berries, the seeds are separated froiri 

 the pulp by the walls of the cavity or cells of the ovary, which form as it were a 

 thin inner skin or rind, called the Endocarp. "^ ;;r:^- > ,; : : * ^ 



the Drupe, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of two distinct portions, 

 an outer succulent one called the Sarcocarp. or Mesocarp (covered like the berrv by 



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