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ELEMENTARY BOTANY. xxi 



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a flkin or epicarp), and an ianer dry endocarp called the Putatmn, which is either 



^^magmous (of the consistence of parchment) or hard and woody. In the latter 



of? ^^f^^J?i^<>aly a stone, and the drupe a stone-fruiL When the putamen consists 



i^^ t ^/^*^^^^^ stones or nuts, each enclosing a seed, they are called pyrenes, or 



^^k ^n^ P^^^c^Pal l^i«^s of dry fruits are 

 hnJ'ti]'T^' ^^ ^^^'* ^^^^^ ^^ dehiscent. When ripe the pericarp usually splits 

 or ,T ^^^^y ^^**^ ^ many or twice as many pieces, called valves, as it contains ceUs 

 alon^Hi r ■ V^^^^^^'^^^^ separate at the line of junction of the carpels, that is, 

 atta^ ^\ t ^^^ placentas or dissepiments, either splitting them or leaving them 

 wiiea to the axis, the dehiscence is termed septicidal ; if the valves separate be- 

 eitW 1 Pf<^iitas or dissepiment, the dehiscence is loculicidal, and the valves 

 tached t [k ^^^^^*^^^^ ^F ^dissepiments along their middle line, or leave them at- 

 or por *^\^' Sometimes also the capsule discharges its seeds by sliis^ chinks, 



Dart*! h'^if^ ^^ ^^^ regularly arranged, or bursts irregiilarly, or separates into two 



'^^n^y^, horizontal line; in the latter case it is said to be ctVcw/niW^^^. 

 tte tI • P^ Acjitne, which is indehiscent and contains but a single seed. When 

 its lobaT^^ IS thm in proportion to the seed it encloses, the whole fruit (or each of 

 If tlio • appearance of a single seed, and is so called in popular language, 



annf Jf^^^^ ^^ *^^^^ ^^^ rather loose, it is often called a Utricle. A Samara is 



*s manv^* f^^ *^^ carpels of the ovary are distinct (125) they may severally become 

 Qiore or ] ^^ berries, drupes, capsules, or achenes. Sei)arate carpels are usually 

 *edrres ii^ comi^ressed laterally, with more or less prominent inner and outer 

 A V/z Z • ^^^^^^^^ and, if dehiscent, the cari>el usually opens at these sutures, 

 carpels 1 ^^ ^' carpel opening at the inner suture only. In some cases where the 

 CocHiiGn ^^^^^f^ ^ ^^® ^vary they will separate when ripe ; they are then called 



160. xT^'^'*^- 



^hich wlM^^*^^^^^ fruits of some of the large Orders have received special names, 

 Cnm;;.!: ., explained under each Ordeit. Such are the siliqua and silicnlc oi 



Crucifer 



Cucurbi>^' ^^®/f^^^'^^ *>^ Leguminos^e, the pome of Pyi-us and its allies, the pepo of 

 — . *^^^» *i^e cone of Conifcrse. the urain or caruoijsis of Gramineae, etc. 



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cone of Conifcraj, the grain or caryopsis of Graminece, etc. 



§ 14. The Seed 



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<^alled t^A ?*^^ ^^ enclosed in the pericarp in the great majority of flowering plants, 

 ^Uiedffen ^'^^Z^^'^*^^'^^^"^^' ^^ ^^'^W Gosper nious plants. In Coviferce and a very few 

 o^it auv rf' }^^ Qymnospernis, or gymnospcrmous p^larits, the seed is naked, with- 

 "^fch Lah' P^^'^^^P- These truly gymnospermous plants must not be confounded 

 tteir smnlT^' ^oraginem, etc., which have also been falsely called gymnospermous, 

 ' 162 Thi °™ ^^vi^g the appearance of seeds (158). ^ '. 



^earlv fiir ^!t "^^^^ ^'^P^ contains an embryo or young plant, either filling or 

 Jess imir,A ^^^ • ^^^ity» but not attached to the outer skin or the seed, or more or 

 ^rpenVj^ ^ ^ mealy, ody, fleshy, or horn-like substance, called the albumen, 

 tween i^'. ^^^ presence or absence of this albumen, that is, the distinction be- 



en alb 



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or album ^^^ exalbummous seeds, is one of great importance. The embryo 



SometinTo ^'^^ '^^^^^ only be found or distinguished when the seed is quite npe, or 



^^ime« only when it begins to germinate.^ 

 coat calip! I, ^^ *^<^ seed consists usually of two separable coats. The outer 

 attended f • -, '^*'"' ^^ "sw^lly the principal one, and in most cases the only one 

 •Bd tn^Zh ^ "ascriptions. It may be hard and crustaceom, woody or bony, or tlun 

 iato «,iW, T (skin-like), dry, or rarely succulent. It is sometimes expanded 

 iscalWl n. ^'^ ^^'■» * tuft of hair, cotton, or wool, called a coma. The inner coat 



. seed is attached to the placenta. It is 



, pulpy or fleshy appendage, sometimes 



g over a considerable jwt of the seed, or nearly enclof ing It, caUed an anl. 



•""^times'Z,! »v.'^P«'^ns. F"^ « more frequently used wheu U h 16iiS and narrow ; cupiule, or 



<"»»>, wneu it is short and thick or broad. -.,,.. .vf^.';; 



164. Th 



■Pfeadinff i!?^^g^'^\°t<' a membranous, i 



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IS gtiort and thick or broad. .,;;,y,,i ...^ y#«. rrc^ , 



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