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ELEMENTARY BOTANY 



XXXIU 



all the -better ; but it must then be very 'dry; and wet'plants put into Lot paper 

 will require changing very soon, to prevent their turning black, for hot damp with- 

 out ventilation produces fermentation, and spoils the specimens. 



237. For pressing plants, various more or less complicated and costly presses are 

 made. None is better than a pair of boards the size of the paper and a stone or 

 other heavy weight upon them if at home, or a pair of strong leather straps rouna 

 them if travelling. Each of these boards should be double, that is, made ot two 

 layers of thin lioards, the opposite way of the grain, and joined together by a row ot 

 clenched brads I'ound the edge, without glue. Such boards, m deal, rather less than 

 half an inch thick (each layer about 2 J lines) will be found light and durable. 



238. It is useful also to have extra boards or pasteboards the size of the paper, to 

 separate thick plants from thin ones, wet ones from those nearly dry, etc. Upen 

 wooden frames with cross-bars, or frames of strong wire-work lattice, are still better 

 than boards for this purpose, as accelerating the drying by promoting ventilation. 



239. The more frequently the plants are shifted into dry paper the better Ex- 

 cepting for very stiff or woody plants, the first pressure should be light, and the nrsc 

 sliifting, if possible, after a few hours. Then, or at the second shifting when the 

 specimens will have lost their elasticity, will be the time for putting right any part 

 of a specimen which may have taken a wrong fold or a bad direction. Alter this tne 

 pressure may be gradually increased, and the plants left from one to several days 



,^thout shifting The exact amount of pressure to be given will depend on the 

 consistence of the specimens, and the amount of paper. It must on v be bome m 

 mind that too much pressure crushes the delicate parts, too little aUows them to 

 shnvel, in both cases interfering with their future examination. . +t,^ „.„„ 



.240. The most convenient specimens will be made, if the drying-paper is the same 

 «w as that of the herbarium in which they are to be kept. That of anting demy, 

 rather morfi flia,, ir ;r,„i,o= u.r \ni ir.^>,« ia a common and very convenient size, a 



nient for use. 



specimens 



^ 



nient for use. . , t j •« 



,241 When the specimens are quite dry and stiff, they ma^ be packed up m 

 {Wdles with a single sheet of paper between each layer, and this paper °eed n^ be 

 ^ibulous. The specimens may L placed very closely on the sheets tut »«*•? ™«^« 

 Ian one layer on each sheet, ani care must be taken to protect the bundieg by 

 "ufficient covering from the effects of external moisture or ^^^ attacks of insects 



242 In laying the specimens into the herbarium, no more than «^« «P«f J^f ^^^^'J 

 ever be fastened on one sheet of paper, although several «P^<^^f ^°^f ^^^S 

 «Pecies maybe laid side by side. And throughout the process of drying, packing 

 ^djjying in, great care must be taken that the labels be not separated from the 



J^V^Ir^^:il Itsect flowers or fruits in dried ^f ™«j*^XuTmoit 

 ^ften them. If the parts are very delicate, this is best done by gradtiaUy mois 

 Jf^ingthem in cold water ; in most cases, steeping them m ^o °g ^^ter «r in 

 «^ni IS much quicker. Very hard fruits and seeds will reqmre boiling to be able to 

 i'ssect them easilv. , ;. , 



- t 



JH; p;7diSng and examining flowers in the field, all *f ^f^-^u^ It 

 penknife and a pocket-lens of two or three glasses from, 1 to 2j^°f;« J«f J^^jf ^ 



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Ittw f ''ryptogamic botany and vegetable anatomy, x u. «x.- ^.-^ 



54^ °l^' *' ^' '^ii'l U inches focus are sufficient. . . _ , It be- 



lonS T° ^'«^^<^ ^^^ student in deta-mining or ascertaining the name oJ^^P ^^^ 

 » to a Flora, analytical tables should be prefixed to the Ord|^' ^^ ^ra^tet, 

 of r-n ^^''^ ^^^^^^ «b«^l<i ^ «« constructed as to contain ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ; 



ZSfl indented, two (rarely three or more) alternativwis nearly P 

 K^^^ctory or incomnatible with each other, each alternative referm^s 



Victory or incompatible with each other, each alternative ^^^^ 

 ', or having under it another pair of alternatives farther mdentea. 



d 



The stu- 



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