622 CXL. CUPULIFERE. (J. D. Hooker) ^ [ Castanopsis. 
PERAK, King’s Collector. 
A large tree, 60-80 ft. Leaves 18-20 in., very coriaceous, midrib and slender 
nerves raised above, under surface pale reddish brown with a very stout midrib long 
arched nerves and rather distant slender cross-nervules, base sometimes much nar- 
rowed into the very stout 4 in. petiole. Jnvolucre 1-2 in. diam. ; spines 4 in. long. 
Nuts 1-2, silky, 1 in. long. 
** Walls of involucre with tufts or ridges of spines that do not conceal 
its walls. 
8. C. argyrophylla, King mss.; leaves elliptic or oblong to lanceo- 
late acute entire glabrous more or less glaucous beneath, nerves 10-12 
pairs rather slender, involucre ovoid thin-walled glabrous densely clothed 
with subulate hooked radiating spines. 
PEGU ; at Rangoon, M‘Lelland, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1457/2). ARRAKAN, 
Hildebrand. ? TENaAssERIM, Helfer (Kew Distrib. 4446). . 
Leaves 4-6 in., thinly coriaceous; petiole 3-1} in. Involucre 1} in. long, brittle, 
spines } in. Nuts 1-3, rusty tomentose.—I have seen no fruit, which Dr. King 
informs me is very characteristic, being large and glabrous, as are the spines.— 
Under L. argentea I have stated my difficulty in distinguishing leafing specimens of 
this and that plant. 
9. C. armata, Spach Hist. Veg. Phan. xi. 185; glabrous, leaves small 
lanceolate or oblong- or ovate-lanceolate acuminate shining above often 
subsilvery beneath, nerves 6-8 pairs arched slender raised on both surfaces, 
involucres large globose tomentose loosely covered with stout shortly 
substellately branched spines. Miquel Ann. Mus. i. 119. C. argentea, 
var. martabanica, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 112. Quercus armata, Roxb. 
Cor. Pl. iii. 92, t. 296; FI. Ind. ii. 640; Wight Ic. t. 770. Castanea 
tribuloides, var. armata, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 480. C. Falconeri, Hance m 
Journ. Bot. 1875, 367. C. sphærocarpa, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 3736, and 10 
Plant. As. Rar. ii. 5. 
Assam and the Kuasta Hiris, Trppera, CniTTAGONG and Burma, alt. 
2-3000 ft. 
A small or large tree. Leaves 3-6 in., pale when dry, coriaceous, quite glabro, 
reticulate beneath ; petiole 2-} in., rather slender. Znvolucres 1-1} in. diam. ; tufts 
of spines often in zones, }—4 in. long, branching from a very stout conical base. 
Nuts usually solitary. 
10. C. tribuloides, 4. DC. in Seem. Journ. Bot. i. (1863) 182; Prodr. 
xvi. ii. 111 (excl. C armata); branchlets glabrous or pubescent, leaves petiole 
from lanceolate to oblong acuminate or caudate glabrous or hoary beneat 
or silvery rarely pubescent entire or coarsely serrate above the middle, 
nerves 6-10 pairs arched slender raised beneath, nervules finely reticulate, 
involucres small globose finely tomentose covered with long slender or 
short substellate spines or tubercles in sessile subsessile or stipitate 
clusters. 
Tropical, subtropical and lower temperate H1MALAYA, and all the hill ranges of 
TRANSGANGETIC INDIA to BURMA. . : eluded 
An exceedingly variable tree (40-60 ft.), or possibly more than one species are inclu " 
here, to determine which a study of the flowers of both sexes on the living plano 
necessary. The involucres are largest and spines longest in var. longispina ; y 
are smaller with shorter spines in tribuloides, feroz and echidnocarpa successively. 
C. TRIBULOIDES PROPER; leaves usually small lanceolate 4-6 in. rarely 
serrate, spines close-set slender 3-1 in. often curved, nuts usually solitary: 
