206 
at the base; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cut-lobed or pinnatifid, 
rarely entire: heads few, 2.5 to 5 cm. broad, sessile or short-peduncled along the 
naked summit: rays bright yellow: involucral bracts ovate, tapering into long and 
spreading rigid points: achenes glabrous or nearly so, broadly winged and deeply 
notched, with noawns.—Prairies of Texas. The lower and root-leaves are vertical 
(3 to 7.5 dm. long), and on wide open prairies disposed to present their edges north 
and south, hence called ‘‘ compass-plant.” 
6. S. albiflorum Gray. Low, 3 to 9 dm. high, very scabrous: leaves rigid, as 
broad as long, more disposed to pedate division, the dilated base of petiole entire: 
rays white: achenes puberulent; the narrow wing produced and dilated at summit 
into somewhat triangular teeth which are adnate to a pair of subulate and more or 
less projecting awns; the notch narrow.—On rocks, northern and westera Texas, 
43. BERLANDIERA DC. 
- 
Alternate-leaved perennials, with pedunculate heads, and characters 
of Silphium, but the 5 to 12 fertile ray-flowers in a single series, thin- 
ner involucral bracts in about 3 series (the inner dilated-obovate, 
exceeding the disk, the outer smaller and more foliaceous), obovate 
achenes not winged or notched at apex, and no pappus. 
* Stems leafy to the inflorescence of rather numerous and short-peduncled heads ; leaves 
crenate, some or all the cauline cordate. 
1. B. Texana DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 6 to 9 dm. high, very leafy: cau- 
line leaves from oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, greenish, merely cinereous 
beneath, somewhat scabrous above; upper closely sessile, lower short petioled: heads 
usually fastigiate-cymose.—Margins of woods and hillsides, eastern and central 
Texas. 
2. B. tomentosa Nutt. Canescent throughout with soft and close tomentum, no 
hirsute or villous hairs, when glabrous hardly at all scabrous, 3 to6dm. high: leaves 
all obtuse, green above, generally whitish beneath; radical and lower cauline elon- 
gated-oblong and petioled; upper cauline usually ovate-oblong or oval, sometimes 
-cordate-ovate, short-petioled or sessile: heads fewer.—Dry pine barrens of the Gulf 
States, but represented in eastern and central Texas by var. DEALBATA Torr. & Gray, 
which is more robust and leafy, 6 to 9 dm. high, branching at summit and bearing 
more numerous and shorter-peduncled heads, broader and more sessile cauline leaves 
densely white-tomentose beneath, broadly cordate lower leaves, and often deltoid 
upper ones.—Varies from very soft canescent to less caneseent and leaves scabrous 
above. 
** Stems mostly low and with long monocephalous peduncles (earliest often scapiform ; 
the later from leafy stems or branches): leaves all attenuate at base, pinnatifid. 
3. B. lyrata Benth. Canescent with minute white or gray tomentum: leaves at 
length greenish above, variously lyrate-pinnatifid; the lateral lobes oblong or nar- 
rower, obtusely dentate, sometimes incised: achenes obovate, the costa of the inner 
face strongly carinate.—Plains and hills of western Texas. 
44. LINDHEIMERA Gray & Engelm. 
Erect annual, with sessile leaves, 4 or 5 radiate fertile flowers and 
rather numerous sterile ones, double involucre (outer of 4 or 5 loose and 
foliaceous narrow lanceolate bracts; inner of as many larger ovate- 
oblong herbaceous bracts), small chaffy receptacle (its inner scales chafty 
and nearly plane; the outer more herbaceous and inclosing the filiform 
abortive ovary which forms a long pedicel to the sterile flower), 
