221 
“Heads narrow, small, cymosely paniculate: rays few, pistillate, usually fertile: involucre 
erect, 
1. V. Virginica L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy-pubescent 
like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate leaves: heads 
in compound corymbs: receptacle convex: flowers white: rays 3 or 4, oval: achenes 
winged.—Rich dry soil, from the Mississippi and Gulf States through Texas to 
Mexico. 
* * Heads broader, solitary or few. 
+ Involucre appressed: perennials. 
2, V. Wrightii Gray. Scabrous and mostly hispidulous: stems wholly wingless: 
leaves ovate to oblong, sessile, mostly opposite, thickish: involucral bracts oval or 
oblong: rays about 12, not rarely pistillate: achenes with either broad or narrow 
wings, and only minute callous teeth for pappus (or some of the inner with short 
awns). (Actinomeris Wrightit Gray, Pl. Fend]. and Pl. Lindh.)—Rocky ground, 
western Texas. 
3. V. helianthoides Michx. Stem hairy, widely winged by the ovate to ovate- 
lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath: 
involucral bracts lanceolate: rays 8 to 15, pistillate or neutral, usually sterile: 
achenes winged, tipped with 2fragileawns. (Actinomeris helianthoides Torr. & Gray, 
F1.)—Extending into Texas from the prairies and open woods of the northeast. 
+ + Involucre of spreading linear and foliaceous equal bracts: annual, 
4. V. encelioides Benth. & Hook. Branching, cinereous: leaves alternate, ovate 
or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the petioles mostly winged and auriculate at base: 
rays numerous and fertile: achenes mostly broadly winged and with short awns 
(the outermost often awnless). (Yimenesia encelioides Torr. & Gray, Fl.)—In low 
grounds throughout Texas. 
71. SYNEDRELLA Gertn. 
Diffuse or procumbent annual, with branching stems, opposite and 
more or less-serrate petioled leaves, small heads of yellow flowers with 
short fertile rays, involucre of few bracts (outer larger than inner and 
mostly foliaceous), scarious flat or hardly concave chaff, and some or 
all the achenes wing-margined, the angles or wings surmounted each 
by a rigid naked awn. 
1. S. vialis Gray. Slender, strigulose-hirsute or more hairy: leaves ovate, about 
2.5 cm. long: heads only 6 mm. long, solitary or scattered, some subsessile, others 
slender-peduncled: rays 5 to 8, with oblong exserted ligule: achenes (or many of 
them) tuberculate-scabrous, some of the outer 3-angled, with or without a coria- 
ceous undulated wing-like border, the central ones narrower and marginless: pap- 
pus of 2 or 3 rigid diverging awns, with occasionally 1 or 2 additional teeth or scales. 
(Oligogyne Tampicana Gray, Pl. Wright. Zexmenia hispidula Buckley, Proc. Philad. 
Acad.)—Waysides and waste grounds, throughout the southern borders of Texas. 
72. COREOPSIS L. (TICKSEED.) 
Herbs, generally with opposite leaves, many-flowered radiate heads, 
mostly 8 (rarely wanting) neutral rays (yellow or parti-colored, rarely 
purple), double involucre (each of about 8 bracts; the outer rather foli- 
aceous and somewhat spreading; the inner broader and appressed, 
nearly membranaceous), flat receptacle with membranaceous deciduous 
chaff, and flat obcompressed often winged achenes which are not nar- 
