242 
* * Root perennial. 
= Stems numerously or somewhat equably leafy to the top: leaves or their divisions nar- 
rowly linear. 
4. S. Douglasii DC. More or less weody at base, many-stemmed, 3 to 18 dm. high, 
white-tomentose or glabrate and green: leaves sometimes all entire and elongated- 
linear, more commonly pinnately parted into 3 to 7 linear or nearly filiform entire 
divisions: heads cymose: rays 8 to 18, 8to 12 mm. long. (8. longilobus Benth.)— 
Extending from the open plains and hills of the north to western Texas, 
+ + Stems either few-leaved or the upper leaves reduced in size: none with leaves or their 
divisions narrow linear, 
5. S. aureus L. Smooth, or floccose-woolly when young, 3 to 9 dm. high: leaves 
thin, the radical simple and rounded, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate- 
toothed, long-petioled; lower stem-leaves lyrate; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnat- 
ifid, sessile or partly clasping: corymb umbel-like: rays 8 to 12.—Usually in damp 
shaded ground, throughout all North America east of the Sierra Nevada. Known 
as “golden ragwort” and ‘‘squaw-weed.” Immensely variable. Var. OBOVATUS 
Torr. & Gray occurs in more open grounds, and has thicker root-leaves, which are 
round-obovate with a cuneate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosu- 
late tufts. Var. BALSAMIT#& Torr. & Gray is found in rocky or nearly dry ground, is 
less glabrate, with oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate root-leaves narrowed to the peti- 
ole and serrate, the upper lyrate-pinnatifid, and heads rather small and numerous. 
Var. COMPACTUS Gray occurs mostly in saline soil in northwestern Texas, and is low, 
in close rather rigid tufts, with oblanceolate or attenuate-spatulate radical leaves 
entire or3-toothed atapex or pinnatifid-dentate, lanceolate or linear entire or pinnat- 
ifid stem-leaves, and rather numerous small and crowded heads. 
6. S. lugens Richards. Woolly pubescent when young, soon glabrate and green: 
leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, usually repand or callous-denticulate, the upper 
bract-like and attenuate from a broad base: heads about 10 mm. high, with mostly 
black-tipped involucral bracts: rays 10 or 12.—A species of the Rocky Mountains, 
and reported from Gillespie County (Jermy). 
110. CACALIA L. (INDIAN PLANTAIN.) 
Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, 
rather large 5 to many-flowered discoid heads in flat corymbs, white or 
whitish flowersall tubular and perfect, erect-connivent involucral bracts 
in a single row (with a few bractlets at base), naked receptacle, deeply 
5-cleft corolla, oblong smooth achenes, and pappus of numerous soft 
capillary bristles. 
1. C. tuberosa Nutt. Stem angled and grooved, 6 to 18 dm. high, from a thick or 
tuberous root: leaves green both sides, thick, strongly 5 to 7-nerved; the lower lance- 
ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into petioles; the upper on short margined 
petioles, sometimes toothed at apex: involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered: receptacle 
with a pointed appendage in the center.—A plant of the wet prairies of the north- 
ern and Gulf States, and reported from Gillespie County (Jermy), 
111. ARCTIUM L. (BurRpOocK.) 
Coarse biennial weeds, with large unarmed and petioled leaves, small 
solitary or clustered many-flowered discoid heads of purple (rarely 
white) flowers (which are all tubular and perfect), globular involucre 
with imbricated coriaceous bracts appressed at base and attenuate to. 
Jong stiff points with hooked tips, bristly receptacle, oblong flattened, 
