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1. J. Californica Watson. Large tree (12 to 18 m. high), more or less pubescent: 
leaflets 5 to 8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed upward from near the base, 
5 to Tem. long: aments often in pairs, 10 to 15 em. long, loose: staminate calyx- 
lobes acute or obtuse, veined: stamens 30 to 40; anthers 2mm. long, the apex of 
the connective very short and bifid: fruit globose, slightly compressed, 2 to 2.5 em, 
in diameter: nut shallow suleate, the walls rather thin, with two broad cavities en 
each side. (J. rupestris, var, major Torr.)—From the valley of the Colorado, through 
western Texas to California and Sonora. 
2, J. rupestris Engelm. Smaller (18 to 60 dm. high), with more numerous (6 to 
12 pairs) and usually more acuminate leaflets: aments only 5 cm. long, with sminaller 
calyx, 20 to 30 stamens, shorter anthers and more prominent connective: nut globose, 
12 to 14 mm. in diameter, with very thick nearly solid walls.—Frequent in Texas 
and New Mexico. 
3. J. nigra L. (BLack waLnur). <A large and handsome tree (often 27 to 45 m. 
high), with rough brown bark and valuable purplish-brown wood, turning blackish 
with age: leaflets 7 to LL pairs, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, somewhat cordate 
or unequal at base, smooth above, minutely downy beneath (as well as the petioles) : 
fruit globular, roughly dotted: nut corrugated, 4-celled at top and bottom.—Extend- 
ing from the east to the valley of the Colorado and San Antonio. Principally used 
in the manufacture of furniture. 
CUPULIFEREH. (OAK FAMILY.) 
Moneecious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined 
leaves, deciduous stipules, sterile flowers in catkins (or capitate-clus 
tered in the beech), the fertile solitary or clustered or spiked, or in scaly 
catkins, and the 1-celled 1-seeded nut with or without an involucre. 
*F lowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract: stamens 2 or 4, and calyx usually 2 
to 4-parted: fertile flowers with no calyx and no involucre to the often winged 
small nut: ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 
1. Betula. Stamens 2, bifid: fertile scales thin, 3-lobed, deciduous with the 
broadly-winged nuts. 
2, Alnus. Stamens 4: fertile scales thick, entire. persistent after the wingless 
nuts have fallen. 
* * Sterile catkins with no calyx: stamens 3 or more to each sinple bract and more 
or less adnate to it, the filaments often forked (anthers 1-celled): fertile flowers in 
short aments or heads, 2 to each bract, each with « foliaceous involucre to the 
small achene-like nut: ovary 2-celled 2-ovuled. 
3. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag. 
4. Carpinus. Each nut subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet. 
* * * Sterile flowers with 4 to 7-lobed calyx, and indefinite (8 to 20) stamens: fertile 
L or few, enclosed in a cupule consisting of consolidated bracts, which becomes 
indurated (scaly or prickly) and surrounds or incloses the nut. 
+ Sterile flowers in slender catkins, 
5. Quercus. Cupule 1-flowered, scaly and entire: nut hard and terete. 
6. Castanea. Cupule 2 to 4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur, which is 2 to 
4-valved when ripe. 
++ Sterile flowers in a small head. 
7. Fagus. Cupule 2-flowered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular 1uts. 
1. BETULAL. (Bircn.) 
Trees, with dotted branchlets, mostly thin and light foliage, sessile 
scaly buds, the long sessile staminate catkins formed in summer and 
expanding their golden flowers in the following spring, the oblong or 
