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of each bract, fertile two to each bract, ovary (with two long linear 
stigmas) bearded at apex and enclosed in a bladdery bag. 
1. O. Virginica Willd. (AMERICAN HOP HORNBEAM. LEVER WOOD.) Tree 7 to 
12m. high, with hop-like strobiles ripe in summer: leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, 
very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath, with 11 to 15 principal veins; buds 
acute: involucral sacs bristly hairy at base.—Extending from the east into eastern 
Texas. 
5. QUERCUS L. (Oak). 
Trees or shrubs, flowering in spring and shedding their nuts the 
autumn of the same or next year, with greenish or yellowish flowers, 
the sterile catkin single or several from the same lateral bud, 3 to 12 
stamens (with 2-celled anthers) to each flower, tertile flowers scattered 
or somewhat clustered and consisting of a nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled 
ovary (With a 3-lobed stigma) inelosed by a scaly bud-like involucre 
which becomes an indurated cup (cupule) around the base of the 
rounded nut or acorn. 
I. Bark pale, often scaly: leaves and their lobes or teeth obtuse: stamens 6 to 8: scales of 
the cup more or less knobby at base: stigmas sessile, or nearly 80: abortive ovules at base 
of perfect seed: inner surface of nut glabrous: fruit maturing the first year: kernel 
commonly swectish: wood, tough and dense. 
* Leaves deciduous, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale beneath.— WHITE OAKs, 
1. Q. alba L, (Witte OAK.) Large and valuable tree; mature leaves smooth, pale 
or glaucous beneath, bright green above, obliquely cut into 3 to 9 oblong or linear 
and obtuse mostly entire lobes: cup crateriform, rough or tubercled at maturity, 
naked, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn (2.5 em. long).—In all soils, 
extending westward to the valley of the Brazos, 
2. Q. minor (Marsh.) Sargent. (Post Oak. TRON OAK.) A small tree with very 
durable wood: leaves grayish or yellowish-downy beneath, pale and rough above, 
thickish, sinuately cut into 5 or 7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much 
larger and often 1 to 3-notched: cup deep saucer-shaped, naked, $ or 4 the length of 
the ovoid acorn (12 to 18 mm. long). (A. alba, var. minor Marsh. @. stellata Wang. 
Q. obtusiloba Michx.)—Sandy or sterile soils, extending from the Atlantic States to 
central Texas. 
3. Q. macrocarpa Michx. (BUR OAK. Over-cUP or Mossy-cup OAK.) Large and 
valuable tree: leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed, 
or nearly parted (sometimes nearly entire), irregular, downy or pale beneath; lobes 
sparingly and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones entire: cup deep, thick, and 
woody (2 to 5 cm. across), conspicuously imbricated with hard and thick-pointed 
scales, the upper ones awned, so as to make a mossy-fringed border: acorn broadly 
ovoid (2.5 to 3 cm. long), 4 immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup.—Rich soils, 
extending from the Atlantic States to the valleys of the Colorado and Nueces. 
4. Q. lyrata Walt. (OveR-cUP OAK. SWAMP PosT OAK.) A large tree with flaky 
bark: leaves crowded at the ends of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at 
base, more or less deeply 7 or 9-lobed, white tomentose beneath (or at length smooth- 
ish), the lobes triangular to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed: 
fruit short-peduncled: cup round-oyate, thin, with ragged scales, almost covering 
the depressed-globose acorn (16 to 20 mm, long).—River swamps, extending from the 
Southern States to the valley of the Trinity. 
* * Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed but not lobed, whitish and more or less downy beneath: 
cup hoary, hemispherical or a little depressed, about one-half as long as the oblong-ovoid 
edible acorn.—CUkSTNUT OAKks. 
5. Q. Michauxii Nutt. (Basker oak. Cow oak.) Large and valuable tree, 
with gray flaky bark and large sweet acorns (3.5 em. long ): leaves (12 to 15 em, 
