472 
shortly attenuate into the stout beak; scales brown, not pubescent, (8S, Tatora 
Kunth. )—In swamps, extending from the Gulf States through Texas to Mexico and 
the Pacific coast. 
+ + Spikelets in simple or compound umbellate clusters, subtended by 1 to 4 flat involu- 
eral leaves: stems tall, triangular, leafy, sedge-like. 
8 §. maritimus L. Leaves flat and linear, as long as the stout stem (3 to 6 dm. 
high), those of the involucre very unequal (one much the longest and more erect): 
spikelets few to several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1 to 4 unequal rays 
bearing 1 to 7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty-brown) spikelets (1 to 2 cm. long): 
midrib of scale extended beyond the mostly lacerate or 2-cleft apex into a distinct 
awn which soon becomes recurved: achene obovate-orbicular, triangular or some- 
what compressed, shorter than the 1 to 6 unequal and deciduous (sometimes obso- 
lete) bristles.—In swamps, apparently only west of the Mississippi, and extending 
from Manitoba through Texas to Mexico and west to the Pacific coast. 
9, S. robustus Pursh. Like the last, but larger, with very thick oblong-eylindri- 
eal heads (2.5 to 4 em, long), longer involucral leaf (often 3 dm, long), and a com- 
pressed achene, which is plano-convex or obtuse-angled on one side. (S. marilimus, 
var. macrostachyus Michx.)—In salt marshes, from New England to the Gulf States 
and west into Texas. Apparently the Atlantic representative of S. maritimus, to 
whieh it has been constantly referred by American authors, and to which the above 
description of that species may partly apply. 
* * * Spikelets very numerous in terminal large compound umbels: stems leafy throughout, 
10. S. lineatus Michx. Stem 3-angled, 6 to 9 dm. high, very leafy: leaves tlat, 
linear-lanceolate: umbels axillary and terminal, loose, the slender rays longer than 
the 1 to 3-leaved involucre: spikelets oblong becoming cylindrical, 6 to 8 mm. long: 
scales rigid, green-keeled, mucronate: bristles 6, capillary, rust-colored, smooth, 
crisped and entangled, barely exserted: achene compressed 3-angled, pointed, 
(Eriophorum lineatum Benth. & Hook.)—In swamps throughout eastern United 
States and extending to the valley of the lower Rio Grande. 
8. FUIRENA Rottboell. (UMBRELLA-GRASS.) 
Stems obtusely triangular, from a perennial root, with many-flowered 
tereteclustered or solitary (axillary and terminal) spikelets, scales awned 
below the apex andall floriferous, perianth of 3 oblong or ovate petaloid 
scales mostly on claws and usually with as many alternating small 
bristles, 3-stamens, 3-cleft style, and a triangular achene pointed with 
the persistent base of the style.—In ours the leaves have well-developed 
blades. 
1. F. simplex Vahl. Mostly smooth, 8 to 50 em. high: leaves with flat grass-like 
blades: scales of the spikelet with a long squarrose or recurved awn: perianth-scales 
ovate-oblong, obtuse at both ends, the slender mostly smooth awn rising abruptly 
from the back just below the apex (sometimes aslong as the body of the scale, some- 
times minute), and the stalk reaching to the middle or base of the nearly sessile 
achene: bristles retrorsely barbed, as long as the achene.—From Arkansas and In- 
dian Territory, through Texas and New Mexico to Mexico. A form larger throughout 
and with long spikelets has been collected in the valley of the lower Rio Grande. 
2. F. squarrosa Michx. Usually small (5 to 15 em, high), but sometimes reaching 
60 em., mostly smooth except the lowersheaths: leaves andspikelet-scales as in the 
last: perianth-scales narrowly to broadly oblong, acuminate at both ends (some- 
times abrupt at base), tapering into a slender tapering smooth or downwardly 
