ATT 
scale and usually disposed in the terminal portion of the inflorescence or 
spike, the pistillate flowers composed of a single 2-styled or 3-styled pis- 
til which forms in fruit a lenticular or triangular hard achene, and which 
is contained in a close sac or perigyniim which, in turn, stands in the 
axil of a bract or scale. 
§ 1. CarEXx proper. Staminate flowers aggregated in one or more terminal cylindrical 
or club-shaped spikes (sometimes pistillate at base or apex): pistillate flowers usually in 
distinct and simple mostly peduncled spikes: cross-section of perigynium usually promi- 
nently triangular in outline or at least never lenticular: styles mostly 3-parted and 
achene triangular or triquetrous. 
— 
* Perigynium mostly straw-colored at full maturity, papery in texture, usually more or 
less inflated, smooth (in our species), nerved, tapering as long as or longer than the body: 
spikes few to many, distinct, compactly flowered, erect or drooping: stigmas 3.—PHYS0O- 
CARPE, 
+ Mature perigynium greenish-tawny (very rarely clear yellow), very long and taper-pointed 
and prominently inflated below: spikes & or more: the staminate mostly one and stalked, 
the pistillate mostly rather short and thick (except in No. 2), and usually becoming dark 
colored in drying: scales much shorter than the perigynium. 
++ Perigynia prominently ascending at maturity. 
1. C. lupulina Mubl. Very stout and lea fy, often Lm. high: spikes 2 to 6, erect, 
approximate at the top of the culm, all closely sessile or the lower sometimes short 
peduncled, oblong or short-cylindrical, very heavy and densely flowered and hop- 
like (whence the name): staminate spike small and mostly sessile: perigynium very 
large and rather soft.—Bogs and wet places throughout the eastern states. In 
Texas perhaps represented only by var. PEDUNCULATA Dewey, in which the spikes 
are more or less scattered and some or all prominently peduncled, and the staminate 
spike usually long peduncled. (C. gigantea Rudge. C. lupulina Olney, Hall’s Pl. Tex., 
No. 756.)—Houston (Hall) and probably westward. 
++ ++ Perigynia divaricate at maturity. 
2. C. grandis Bailey. Tall and rather slender; spikes erect, much scattered and 
all (or all but the upper one) peduncled, 5 to 8 cm, long, evenly and comparatively 
cylindrical and more loosely flowered than in the last species: perigynium smaller 
below, but very abruptly contracted into a slender and spreading beak 3 to 4 times 
as long as the body and 2 to 3 times longer than the narrow thin scale.—Swamps 
and ponds, Kentucky and Delaware southward to our eastern limits. 
8 C, Louisianica Bailey. Slender, usually low (30 to 50 cm.), the leaves flat and 
narrow: staminate spike usually one, carried on a long and very thin stalk: pistillate 
spikes one to three, somewhat scattered, only the lowest one or two peduncled, 
short (usually about globular, never over twice longer than broad), subtended by 
leafy bracts, becoming almost yellow at maturity: perigynium very turgid and long- 
conical, shining, three or four times the length of the very small scale. (C. Halei 
Carey, not Dewey. C. intumescens Olney, Hall’s PI. Tex., No. 755).—In ponds and bogs, 
Florida to our eastern limits. The southern representative of C. intumescens Rudge. 
+ + Mature perigynium yellowish-tawny, mostly abruptly contracted into a very slender 
straight beak, smaller and much less inflated than in + : spikes mostly regularly cylin- 
drical and usually stalked, not discoloring in drying if mature: scale (in ours) awl-like 
and nearly as long as the perigynium, 
4. C. lurida Wahl. Tall and spreading (5 to 10 dm. high), very leafy: spikes 
aggregated at the top of the culm, the pistillate 2 to 4 and short-stalked, 2 to 5 cm. 
