330 
of this vicinity, and on the mountain sides reaches an altitude of 1,800 
feet. The dense and tangled growth of this plant, together with the 
fact that the points of the prickles break off immediately on pene- 
trating the skin, make it an almost intolerable nuisance to one attempt- 
ing to travel through the forest. It is found wherever the ground is 
Shaded by forest growth, but does not thrive on the open, treeless sand 
beaches. Its large clusters of white, sweet-scented flowers are open in 
May and June, and the fruit, a red, nonedible berry, ripens about the 
last of August. 
The black currant (Ribes laxiflorum', a thorny spreading bush 5 feet 
high, is abundant in the more densely shaded forests, especially on the 
slopes of the foothills, where it reaches an altitude of 1,900 feet, and in 
some places formsconsiderable thickets. A few stunted specimens were 
found at sea level on Disenchantment Bay. The berry, which is dark 
purple, almost black, ripens about August 10, and is not eaten. 
Of the smaller plants found in the forest region, the most conspicuous, 
perhaps, not only on account of its showy white blossoms, but because 
of its great abundance, is Cornus canadensis, growing among mosses and. _, 
on decaying tree trunks. The star-flower (Trientalis europea arctica) 
is found on decaying logs in the forest, as is also Coptis trifolia. Other 
small plants found here and there in the forest region are Tiarella tri- 
Joliata, Moneses uniflora, Pyrola secunda, Streptopus amplexifolius, and 
Lycopodium annotinum. Onthe banks of small streams are found Savi- 
Sraga punctata, 8. stellaris, S. mertensiana, Mimulus langsdor fii, Heuchera 
glabra, and Claytonia sibirica. The last-named plant is eaten both raw 
and cooked by the Indians. Of ferns, Polypodium vulgare is abundant 
in the low forest region, growing about the bases of tree trunks. Dryop- 
teris spinulosa, which reaches a height of from 1 to 5 feet, grows in 
immense quantities in the damp woods, and was found at an altitude of 
2,000 feet on the sides of Mount Tebenkof. Phegopteris dryopteris is also 
very abundant, and reaches an altitude of 1,100 feet on the mountain 
sides. During the season one specimenof Dryopteris lonchitis was found 
in the forest near Dalton Creek. 
Scattered through the forests of the Yakutat Bay region are a num- 
ber of small, open, treeless spots varying from a few square rods to an 
acre or two in extent. The larger of these glades are generally swampy, 
and in some of them water is standing all summer, while others are 
well drained, and there is no apparent reason for the lack of forest 
growth, These glades are few in number, and occupy in the aggregate 
an extremely small percentage of the total turest area. Owing to the 
fact that the sunlight has free access to them, these spets have a much 
heavier growth of the smaller plants than has the densely shaded for- 
est. All these opens that are not too swampy have a heavy growth of 
grass, chiefly Deschampsia cespitosa, though a few specimens of Savas- 
tana odorata were found in some of them as well as on the tops of sunny 
blutts. Frittllaria kamschatcensis is found not only in the opens of the 
