471 
Besides these most of the woody vegetation of the region, as: 
Vitis vulpina, frost grape. Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Virginia 
Populus deltoides, cottonwood. creeper. 
Ulnus americana, elm. Acer negundo, box elder. 
Prunus virginiana, chokecherry, Prunus americana, plum. 
Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, red ash, 
green ash. ; Salix cordata, willow. 
Quercus macrocarpa, bur oak. Rosa woodsii, rose, 
Salix fluviatilis, willow. Celtis occidentalis, hackberry. 
Ostrya virginiana, ironwood., Celastrus scandens, woody bitter- 
Crategus macrantha, hawthorn. sweet. 
The last two in each column are local, having been observed only at 
one station each, viz, at Rapid City, Hot Springs, Hermosa, and Pied- 
mont, respectively. The following have descended from the Black Hills 
proper. 
Growing in canyons: 
Populus tremuloides, quaking aspen. Salix bebbiana, willow. 
Cornus baileyi, dogwood. Populus angustifolia, black cotton- 
Berberis aquifolium, Oregon grape. wood. 
On the hills: 
Pinus ponderosa scopulorum, Rocky Mountain yellow pine. 
The following woody plants may be regarded as belonging to the 
region itself, that is, to the flora of the high plains and foothills: 
Juniperus virginiana, red cedar, Tibes cereum, squaw currant. 
Prunus demissa, western choke- Ribes aureum, buftalo currant. 
cherry. Rosa arkansana, prairie rose, 
Rhus trilobata, skunk brush. 
As objects of peculiar interest seen in this region may be mentioned 
a shrub of skunk brush, which had stems 3 meters high and one deci- 
meter in diameter, a cottonwood that measured over 5.5 meters in cir- 
cumference, 1.5 meters above ground, and had a branch below that 
height nearly 2 meters around, and another cottonwood on which all 
the leaves had a cuneate base. Populus acuminata was also redis- 
covered near Hot Springs. 
Differently from the Black Hills proper the foothills are not covered 
by forest. Some of them are crowned by scattered pines mixed with a 
few cedars, The hills as well as the valleys are generally covered with 
grass. The principal grasses are: 
Bouteloua oligostachya. Bulbilis dactyloides. 
Bouteloua hirsuta. Carex filifolia. 
Keoleria cristata, Andropogon scoparius. 
Calamovilfa longifolia. 
With the exception of the last in each column they furnish good 
winter as well as summer pasture. The cattle and horses generally 
“range” the year around, and are often not given any hay except dur- 
ing snowstorms or other bad weather. The first four plants mentioned 
become self-cured during the dry season and are as good as hay. On ° 
