LODGE-POLE PINE, YELLOW PINE, AND YEW. 89 



Pinus murrayana Half. 



Wa'-ko. — The lodge-pole pine, also culled black pine and tamarack 

 pine, an abundant tree in the low and moist portions of the yellow-pine 

 forests, Sections of bark from trunks of the proper size are often used 

 to make buckets for gathering berries, particularly huckleberries. The 

 cylinder of bark is sewed together on the slitTed side and at one end, 

 the bottom therefore being- wedge-shaped. Huckleberries when placed 

 in such receptacles and properly covered with large leaves retain their 

 freshness for a long time. 



The pitch of this tree is sometimes used as a remedy for sore eyes, a 

 very small fragment being placed inside the lid. 



The trunks of young lodge pole pines stripped of their bark are used 

 for the poles with which dugouts are pushed through shallow water. 



I was informed by Capt. O. C. Applegate that in April the cambium 

 layer of this tree is scraped off and eaten, either as a relish or in Time 

 of famine, in exactly the same manner as the inner bark of the yellow 

 pine. 



> Pinus ponderosa Dougl. 



Nkd8. — The yellow pine, the most abundant forest tree of the region, 

 which furnishes the Klamaths with their chief timber. Their boats, 

 called dugouts, are made from single logs of yellow pine, hollowed out 

 by lire carefully manipulated. Most of the sawed lumber now used by 

 the Indians in the construction of their modern houses is of yellow 

 pine. For the use of yellow-pine twigs as twirling sticks in producing 

 lire by friction, see Libocedrux decxirrenx. 



Kap'-ka is the name applied to a young tree of the yellow pine. In 

 the spring, usually in The mouth of May, a broad strip of the bark is 

 removed, and the sweet mucilaginous layer of newly forming tissue 

 (stop'-aleh) between the bark and the sap wood is scraped off and 

 eaten. This is seldom practiced now, but in former years it must have 

 been done commonly, for in the forest between the Chiloquin and 

 Yainax bridges many old Trees were seen whose trunks bore great 

 scars, perhaps a meter in height and one third or one-half as broad, 

 where the bark had been removed when the tree was young. 



TAXACEA.E. 

 Taxus brevifolia Nutt. 



Tso-pinJc'-xham. — The yew tree, an evergreen, with leaves similar to 

 those of a hemlock or spruce, and red berries. Abundant on the west- 

 ern slope of the Cascades, occurring on t he eastern slope in Union Greek 

 and on Pelican Bay, Klamath Lake. It furnished the favorite wood 

 for bows before the adoption of firearms. These yew bows may still 

 be seen occasionally among the Klamaths, but apparently they are 

 kept only as relics, not for actual use. They are commonly about a 

 meter in length, backed with sinew, the tips covered with tishskin 

 and the string made of Twisted sinew. 



