382 KOTANK'AL SURVEY <»F DISMAL SWAMP REGION, 



erable size, and a small growth of Q. digitata, ih'ospyros virginiana, ami Ifieoria 

 glabra. 



Myriea earolinenxix, Ilhitx copaUhia, Symploeox tinctoria, Perxea pubescent), and 

 Quercus digitata form in places small dense thickets at the foot of the bank. Span- 

 ish moss (Tillaiidsia usiieoides), with stems sometimes amoter (nearly 4 feet) long, 

 drapes the branches of oaks and pines, especially 1\ echinata. Of lianas, Smila.r 

 bona-nox, Teeoma radicaiis, and Rhus radieanx are most common. In the flat, 

 open pine groves, which occasionally occur at the foot of this bank just above high 

 tide, red fescue grass {Festuca rubra) forms a somewhat dense sod. with scattered 

 symmetrical clumps of Panicum virgatum and considerable numbers of Yucca 

 ftlamentoaa and Opuntia opuntia. In the pine woods at the summit of the bluff 

 woody undergrowth is often scarce, and there occurs a scanty herbaceous growth 

 comprising Tragia arena, Jatropha xtimalosa, Meibomia {Desmodium) stricta, 

 Sporobolax asper, Ghrysopsis graminifolia, Galium hispidulum (abundant), 

 Vhiola longifolia, Heliaathcmiim eanadense, and species of Panicum (of the 

 dichotomumtype). In some places Rubustrivialis, withtrailingstems, i a abundant. 



( )n the narrow strip of sandy beach and the open face of the bluff above it two 

 Leguminosae. in habit similar to Rubus trivialix, occur. These are I'haseolus 

 helvolax and Bradburya (Ccntroxema) rirginiaua , the latter with numerous large. 

 showy, lilac-colored flowers. The principal branches of their stems lie flat upon 

 the ground, radiating in every direction, but do not attach themselves to the soil 

 by roots at the nodes. The longest branches observed measured 15 decimeters 

 (Phaaeolus) and IS decimeters ( Bradburya). Both are twining plants when able 

 to find supporting objects. Festuca rubra is occasional on the beach. Other 

 plants of this strand are common species of the outer beach— Ammophila, Pani- 

 cum a ma rum, /'. anutrum, minus, Sal sola kali, ( 'akiU'identula, Hudsonia tomentosa, 

 Leehea maritima, Spartina patens (juueca), (■enehru.x tribuloides maeroecphalus, 

 etc. 



Of the plants mentioned as occurring anions the dunes, the follow- 

 ing an 1 strand species in (he strictest sense, seldom or never entering 

 into any other formation: 



Ammophila arenaria, Cakile edentula, 



Uniola panieulata, Euphorbia polygon i folia, 



Panicum amariim, Leehea maritima, 



P. amarum minus, Hudxonia tomentosa, 



Spartina patens (the large form), Oenothera, humifusa, 



Cenchrus tribuloides macrocephalus, Physalis viscosa, 



Cyperus grayi, Galium hispidulum, 



Quercus virginiana (wrens), 1 Diodia teres,' 1 



Ammodenia (Honkenya) peploides, Iva imbrieata. 



Other species which occur on the strand reach their best develop- 

 ment farther inland. It will be observed that the percentage of such 

 inland plants is comparatively small seaward from the crest of tin 4 

 fixed dunes. 



ADAPTATIONS TO KXYl ROX.M HINT IX TUN STIiAXO V K( i KTATION — LIFK 



FORMS. 



Under the headings of climate, topography, and soils of the Dismal 

 Swamp region, the various factors that const it tile the physical envi- 



1 Almost always a strand plant in Virginia and North Carolina. 

 8 Hare, except as a strand plant, in the Dismal Swamp region. 



