LOWER CRYPTOGAMS, 299 
mentioned in the report. The photographs and illustrations were 
made by Dr. W. L. Jepson and Prof. E. R. Drew of the University 
of California, A. O. Carpenter of Ukiah, W. J. Nolan, of Weathers- 
field Center, Vt., and by G. N. Collins, F. A. Walpole, and the author, 
of this Department. The classified summary showing in concise 
manner the uses to which the various plants have been put is almost 
entirely the work of Mrs. V. K. Chesnut. 
The diacritic marks used to indicate the pronunciation of the Indian 
plant names are those employed in the Century Dictionary. 
ECONOMIC PLANTS BY FAMILIES. 
BANGIACEAE. Seaweeds. 
Porphyra laciniata (Lightf.) Ag. 
To-né (Little Lake).—A purple, gelatinous seaweed, 3 to 18 inches 
long, which grows on smooth stones near the low-water mark on 
the seacoast. The species was identified by Dr. M. A. Howe, of 
Columbia University, from crude samples obtained both at Round 
Valley and at Ukiah. It is collected in considerable quantity by some 
of the Indians who make special trips to the coast after various sea 
products, including especially this plant, the abalone (a shell fish 
used for food and ornament), and a kind of clam the shell of which is 
extensively used for the manufacture of wampum. The favorite 
method of preparing the fronds for food is to bake them, but the 
membranous mass, which is very tough when dry, is often chewed in 
the raw condition. After thorough mastication, a somewhat tedious 
process, it becomes mucilaginous and fairly digestible. It is valued 
chiefly for its salt and for its high percentage of mucilage. The same 
plant is eaten by the Chinese in San Francisco and the natives of 
southern Alaska. It is probable that the ‘* marine sauce” served with 
roast meats in Hurope is derived from the same seaweed. 
HYPOCREACEAE. Ergot Family. 
Clavipes purpurea (Fr.) FI. 
The common ergot, a dense, black, parasitic fungus, which perme- 
ates the seeds of various grasses and alters them into elongated club- 
shaped masses, was found growing rather abundantly on the grains of 
the wild lyme grass (/Vymus triticoides) in Round Valley. Its general 
medicinal use is well known to the Indians. No special name was 
learned for it. 
PARMELIACEAE. Lichens. 
Alectoria fremontii Tuckerm. 
A few specimens of this black, hair-like lichen were observed grow- 
ing on pine trees near Round Valley. Mr. Coville, in his report on 
the Klamath Indians, states that this plant was formerly used by those 
