PINES, 8307 
ments, the tree is of little value to them. The northern tribes are 
especially familiar with the valuable cathartic properties of the sugar 
which is often found as an exudation on the partially burned base of 
the tree. Shu-tot’ is the Wailaki name for this product; their name 
for the tree itself is #d-t/t’-nes. ‘The immense long cones yield a large 
number of nuts which, when obtained in sufficient quantity, are as 
highly esteemed for food as are those from the Sabine pine deseribed 
below. 
Pinus ponderosa Laws. 
Cha-on' (Little Lake).—The yellow or bull pine which is found 
sparingly throughout the mountainous districts of the country, espe- 
cially northward. ‘The wood furnishes a small part of the timber which 
is used by the Government in the construction of the houses for the 
Round Valley Indians. It is used occasionally for lodge poles and for 
fuel. As in the case of the following species, the gummy exudation is 
used for chewing, and the pitch for its valuable medicinal and adhesive 
qualities. The nuts are too small to be of any food value. 
Pinus sabiniana Dougl. 
Pol'-cum ol (Yuki).—The well-known round-topped nut or digger 
pine (Pl. XI), one of the most common, and certainly one of the 
most characteristic, trees of the region. It grows singly or in small 
groups on open, dry and rocky hillsides in association with the manza- 
nita or the common blue oak (Quercus douglas/7), and may readily be 
distinguished miles away on distant hillsides by its thinly leaved and 
widespreading branches. In general aspect the tree is airy and 
extremely picturesque, the grayish-green color of the leaves being well 
in keeping with the general ashy-gray aspect of the surrounding 
scenery. 
This tree is found throughout the Coast Range and in the foothill 
belt of the Sierra Nevada, and, since these are the regions which yield 
to the natives the greatest quantity of wild fruits and food of all kinds, 
the name ‘‘ digger” pine, which was applied to the tree by the early 
settlers, is not altogether inappropriate. The cones (Pl. XID) might 
well be taken as anemblem of the Digger Indians of California. They 
are extraordinarily large and heavy, often measuring 8 inches in length 
by 6 or 7 in diameter and weighing from 2 to 3 or 4 pounds. The nuts 
are about three-quarters of an inch in length and are very sweet and 
oily. Inorder to determine their nutritive value an analysis of the 
kernels was made by Dr. Walter C. Blasdale, of the University of Cali- 
fornia, who found that they contained 51.05 per cent of a rich, fatty 
oil and 28.05 per eent of crude protein. When the State was first 
settled it was found that, after the summer’s crop of native roots had 
been exhausted, these nuts formed a very important part of the regular 
Indian diet. At present the supply of tlour and cultivated products 
